tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32333208059456857662024-03-13T16:28:57.691+05:30a real foot print of factssome facts are unawared.
here we go with a bunch of real foot print of factsAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03239339556333372137noreply@blogger.comBlogger117125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3233320805945685766.post-91937858225716190372013-02-09T18:54:00.003+05:302013-02-09T18:54:31.318+05:30<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="color: purple; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">THE UNTOLD TRUTH BEHIND THE SINKING OF TITANIC</span></h1>
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<a href="http://worldtruth.tv/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/13664_titanic-queenstown.jpg" style="border: 0px; color: grey; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-13765" height="286" src="http://worldtruth.tv/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/13664_titanic-queenstown.jpg" style="border: 1px solid silver; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px auto 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 3px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" title="13664_titanic-queenstown" width="400" /></a></div>
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<em style="outline: none;"><strong style="outline: none;"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">One hundred years ago, the ship that couldn’t sink sank. It’s the centennial anniversary of RMS Titanic’s ill-fated end on its debut transatlantic crossing. </span></span></strong></em></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">On April 10, 1912, the <em style="outline: none;">Titanic</em>, largest ship afloat, left Southampton, England on her maiden voyage to New York City. The White Star Line had spared no expense in assuring her luxury. A legend even before she sailed, her passengers were a mixture of the world's wealthiest basking in the elegance of first class accommodations and immigrants packed into steerage.</span></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">She was touted as the safest ship ever built, so safe that she carried only 20 lifeboats - enough to provide accommodation for only half her 2,200 passengers and crew. This discrepancy rested on the belief that since the ship's construction made her "unsinkable," her lifeboats were necessary only to rescue survivors of other sinking ships. Additionally, lifeboats took up valuable deck space.</span></span></b></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">At the time of her construction, the Titanic was the largest ship ever built. She was nearly 900 feet long, stood 25 stories high, and weighed an incredible 46,000 tons. With turn-of-the-century design and technology, including sixteen major watertight compartments in her lower section that could easily be sealed off in the event of a punctured hull, the Titanic was deemed an unsinkable ship. According to her builders, even in the worst possible accident at sea, two ships colliding, the Titanic would stay afloat for two to three days, which would provide enough time for nearby ships to help.</span></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br style="background-color: white; line-height: 19px; outline: none;" /><a href="http://worldtruth.tv/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Titanic-Stern-View.jpg" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-13773" height="406" src="http://worldtruth.tv/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Titanic-Stern-View.jpg" style="border: 1px solid silver; display: block; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px auto 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 3px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Titanic, Stern view" width="600" /></a></span></b><div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">On April 14, 1912, however, the Titanic sideswiped a massive iceberg and sank in less than three hours. Damaging nearly 300 feet of the ship's hull, the collision allowed water to flood six of her sixteen major watertight compartments. She was on her maiden voyage to the United States, carrying more than 2200 passengers and crew, when she foundered. Only 705 of those aboard the Titanic ever reached their destination. After what seemed like a minor collision with an iceberg, the largest ship ever built sank in a fraction of the time estimated for her worst possible accident at sea.</span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Two government investigations (U.S.A. & Britain</span><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">) conducted immediately after the disaster agreed it was the iceberg, not any weakness in the ship itself, that caused the Titanic to sink. Both inquiries concluded the vessel had gone to the bottom intact. Blame for the incident fell on the ship's deceased captain, E. J. Smith, who was condemned for racing at 22 knots through a known ice field in the dark waters off the coast of Newfoundland. The case of the Titanic was considered closed.</span></span></b></div>
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<a href="http://worldtruth.tv/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/titanic-1.jpg" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-13776" height="280" src="http://worldtruth.tv/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/titanic-1.jpg" style="border: 1px solid silver; display: block; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px auto 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 3px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" title="titanic (1)" width="413" /></span></b></a><div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Hundreds upon hundreds of books. Two dozen movies. Plays, radio serials, poems, paintings, two Broadway musicals, comics, video games and a symphony were made to tell the story of Titanic. But is this the real true story of the sinking of the Titanic. Could the sinking of "unsinkable" Titanic be an inside job of some evil, sinister people ? Of course it is extremely hard to believe, but let's look and examine a little deeper and a little further.</span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Shrouded in mystery and speculation, the sinking of the Titanic has many strange coincidences and strange occurrences surrounding it. One of the theories surrounding the Titanic sinking involves the highly debated Federal Reserve. Who shot JFK? Was 9-11 staged? Did aliens really crash at Roswell? All interesting theories that some would say absolutely yes to, while others would scoff and say, no way! Well, now you can add one more to the list of great mysteries with the 100th anniversary of the sinking of the Titanic.</span></span></b></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">When we think of events that have transpired in history over the last one hundred to two hundred years, there are certain events that stand out as ones of great horror, great surprise and great sadness. Of the many that come to mind the most devastating have been the destruction of the World Trade Center in New York City and the sinking of the Titanic.</span></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">What was the real story behind the sinking of the Titanic? The book 'The Secret Terrorists' printed by Truth Triumphant Ministries and reprinted by Tree of Life Resources places blame squarely on the Roman Catholic Order known as the Jesuits. 'The greatest tragedies in the last 200 years can be traced to the Jesuits.' We see how the Jesuits planned and executed the sinking of the Titanic, and we’ll show you how they did it.</span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Since the early </span><span style="outline: none;">1830’s</span><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">, the United States didn’t have a central bank. The Jesuits desperately wanted another central bank in the country so that they would have a bottomless reservoir from which to draw money for their many wars and other hideous schemes around the world. </span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Founded in 1540, the Society of Jesus grew rapidly within the Catholic Church. They were confessors to the ruling families of Europe. They defend the Pope and Catholicism around the world in nearly every country. In 1773, Clement XIV suppressed the Jesuits. In 1814, Pope Pius VII responded to pressure and restored the Society. There are Jesuit colleges and ministries today. They are a very influential organization. Jesuits are dedicated to furthering Catholicism and the power of the Pope. Yet...there is a secret, negative side to this organization called 'the Society of Jesus.' For hundreds of years they carried out religious killings. They were the men in dark cloaks who carried daggers. (Were they the religious CIA for their time?)</span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">In 1910, seven men met on Jekyll Island just off the coast of Georgia to plan the Federal Reserve Bank. </span><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Paul Wanourg, a German investment banker, spearheaded the movement, wanting to model the new United States Federal System after the German system.</span></span></b></div>
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<a href="http://worldtruth.tv/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/jekyll_island.jpg" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-13778" height="285" src="http://worldtruth.tv/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/jekyll_island.jpg" style="border: 1px solid silver; display: block; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px auto 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 3px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" title="jekyll_island" width="427" /></span></b></a></div>
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<strong style="outline: none;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Jekyll Island</span></strong></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Nelson Aldrich and Frank Valderclip represented the Rockefeller financial empire. Henry Davidson, Charles Norton and Benjamin Strong represented J.P. Morgan. Paul Warberg represented the Rothschilds Banking dynasty of Europe. The Rothschilds were the banking agents for the Jesuits and hold 'the key to the wealth of the Roman Catholic Church.'</span></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The Morgan gang, the Rothschild gang and the Rockefeller gang were fierce competitors yet entered joint ventures. They established the national banking cartel called the Federal Reserve System....according to G. Edward Griffin in 'The Creature From Jekyll Island (American Opinion Publishing P. 209). A review of this book stated:</span><span style="outline: none;"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;"> 'It tells a story of how bankers have lured politicians with easy money and end up in control of most of the world.'</span></span></span></b></div>
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<a href="http://worldtruth.tv/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/paul_m_warburg.jpg" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-13779" height="167" src="http://worldtruth.tv/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/paul_m_warburg.jpg" style="border: 1px solid silver; display: block; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px auto 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 3px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" title="paul_m_warburg" width="134" /></span></b></a></div>
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<b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Paul Warburg</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">"Whoever controls the volume of money in any country is absolute master of all industry and commerce."</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">(Paul Warburg, drafter of the Federal Reserve Act)</span></b></div>
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<a href="http://worldtruth.tv/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/benjamin_strong.jpg" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-13781" height="168" src="http://worldtruth.tv/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/benjamin_strong.jpg" style="border: 1px solid silver; display: block; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px auto 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 3px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" title="benjamin_strong" width="133" /></span></b></a></div>
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<b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Benjamin Strong</span></b></div>
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<a href="http://worldtruth.tv/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/jpmorgan.jpg" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-13782" height="400" src="http://worldtruth.tv/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/jpmorgan.jpg" style="border: 1px solid silver; display: block; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px auto 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 3px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" title="jpmorgan" width="247" /></span></b></a></div>
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<b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">J.P. Morgan</span></b></div>
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<a href="http://worldtruth.tv/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/nelson_w_aldrich.jpg" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-13784" height="157" src="http://worldtruth.tv/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/nelson_w_aldrich.jpg" style="border: 1px solid silver; display: block; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px auto 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 3px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" title="nelson_w_aldrich" width="131" /></span></b></a></div>
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<b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Sen. Nelson Aldrich</span></b></div>
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<a href="http://worldtruth.tv/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/henry_p-davison_and_charles_d_norton1.jpg" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-13786" height="155" src="http://worldtruth.tv/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/henry_p-davison_and_charles_d_norton1.jpg" style="border: 1px solid silver; display: block; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px auto 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 3px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" title="henry_p-davison_and_charles_d_norton1" width="275" /></span></b></a></div>
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<b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Henry P. Davidson & Charles D. Norton</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Many believe that the </span>Rockefeller<span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">, </span>Morgan<span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">, and .</span>Rothschilds<span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> families were affiliated with the illuminati/Jesuits, and favored a central bank to allocate all funds in one place so that it would be easy to take funds out and use money to support the ideal of a new world order. Astor, Strauss, and Guggenheim opposed the idea, realizing that the centralization of banks would result in the exploitation of the bank by the government. They wanted banking power to lie in many branches individually owned, and not in one central location. Regardless, the result of this meeting was the Aldrich Bill, named after Senator Nelson Aldrich, a proponent of the bill and chair of the commission on the new Federal Reserve Bank. The purpose of the bill was to "provide an elastic currency" (1932 Wells) that would expand and contract in correlation with the needs of the public. Some theory states that the Jesuits were passionate and believed in the doctrine <span style="outline: none;">"the ends justify the means,"</span> and would do anything to promote the new Federal Reserve Bank-even if it meant eliminating the obstacles in their way. This is where the Titanic entered the picture.</span></span></b></div>
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<strong style="outline: none;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Rothschild's Agents Who Started The Federal Reserve In 1913</span></strong></div>
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<a href="http://worldtruth.tv/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Jekyll-Island-3-1.jpg" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-13788" height="326" src="http://worldtruth.tv/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Jekyll-Island-3-1.jpg" style="border: 1px solid silver; display: block; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px auto 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 3px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Jekyll-Island-3 (1)" width="400" /></span></b></a></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">This was the 'maiden' voyage of the greatest ship ever built. The 'unsinkable' campaign assured passengers of comfortable safety. Many Irish, French and Italian Catholics were on board. Protestants from Belfast were also encouraged to immigrate to the United States on the Titanic. These were 'expendable' people; for the most part. But, the real reason for the ship's destruction was a game between the super rich whereby Guggenheim-Strauss-Astor could be eliminated. 'They had to be destroyed by a means so preposterous that no one would suspect they were murdered, and no one would suspect the Jesuits.'</span></b></span></div>
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<a href="http://worldtruth.tv/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/straus-1.jpg" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-13790" height="505" src="http://worldtruth.tv/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/straus-1.jpg" style="border: 1px solid silver; display: block; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px auto 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 3px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" title="straus-1" width="350" /></span></b></a></div>
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<strong style="outline: none;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Isidor Straus</span></strong></div>
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<a href="http://worldtruth.tv/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/BGuggenheim.jpg" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-13791" height="509" src="http://worldtruth.tv/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/BGuggenheim.jpg" style="border: 1px solid silver; display: block; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px auto 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 3px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" title="BGuggenheim" width="350" /></span></b></a></div>
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<strong style="outline: none;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Benjamin Guggenheim</span></strong></div>
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<a href="http://worldtruth.tv/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/06849v.jpg" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-13792" height="582" src="http://worldtruth.tv/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/06849v.jpg" style="border: 1px solid silver; display: block; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px auto 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 3px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" title="06849v" width="350" /></span></b></a></div>
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<strong style="outline: none;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">John Jacob Astor IV</span></strong></div>
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<b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The Titanic was built out of vanity and human ingenuity-attempting to make the biggest, best, and first of it's kind. Titanic was meant to be a first class luxury ship for the millionaire elite as well as to hold as much cargo and steerage as possible. The Titanic's maiden voyage was to begin in Ireland and end in New York. Benjamin Guggenheim, Isa Strauss, and Jacob Astor, were all passengers on the ship. These three men were most likely the most wealthy people of their time. Thusly, their opinion mattered greatly in matters of government and economics.These three were valiant opposers to the idea of a Federal Reserve Bank</span>.</span></b></div>
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<a href="http://worldtruth.tv/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/article-2010256-0CD1887800000578-20_308x335.jpg" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-13794" height="335" src="http://worldtruth.tv/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/article-2010256-0CD1887800000578-20_308x335.jpg" style="border: 1px solid silver; display: block; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px auto 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 3px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" title="article-2010256-0CD1887800000578-20_308x335" width="308" /></span></b></a></div>
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<b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The Captain of the Titanic was Edward Smith. He was a Jesuit and worked for J.P. Morgan. Anyone could be a Jesuit and their identity not be known. >From National Geographic 'The Secrets of the Titanic,' (1986):</span><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">When the ship departed southern England, on board was Francis Browne. He was the most powerful Jesuit in all of Ireland and the 'Jesuit Master of Edward Smith.' 'Here is Jesuit treachery at its finest. The provincial Father Francis Browne boards the Titanic, photographs the victims, most assuredly briefs the Captain concerning his oath as a Jesuit, and the following morning bids him farewell...' Eric J. Phelps, Vatican Assassins Halcon Unified Services. P. 247.</span></span></b></div>
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<strong style="outline: none;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Father Francis Browne</span></strong></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Captain Smith believed this high-ranking 'Jesuit General' was God. Browne instructed him on what to do in the North Atlantic waters. 'Edward Smith was given orders to sink the Titanic and that's exactly what he did.' According to Jesuit secret philosophy: The innocent can be massacred for the greater good; the ends justifies the means.</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Captain Smith had been traveling the North Atlantic for 26 years. He was the 'world's most experienced master' in these cold waters. The Captain knew all along that his ship was built for the enemies of the Jesuits. Its purpose was always to be a 'deathship' and sink on its first voyage. Captain Smith also knew exactly where the icebergs were. Under secret orders, he propelled the Titanic full speed at 22 knots on a moonless night and through a huge ice field 80 square miles in area! He had been 'given orders from his God in the Vatican, and nothing would turn him from his course.'</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Around 9.40 p.m. more ice warnings were received but these were not passed on to the officers. A great number of private telegrams requiring transmission had accumulated during the day, and the wireless operators were busy all evening dealing with these. In the general confusion of private wireless traffic, the ice warnings were largely ignored. In fact, the wireless operator who accepted the last warning was extremely irritated at the interruption. But clearly, the officers too did not have enough experience in dealing with icebergs and contented themselves with the information coming from the crow's nest. However, the lookout did not even have a pair of binoculars – these had already been misplaced in Southampton.</span></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Captain Smith's actions in his last hours were not those of a strong leader. He seemed as if he was wrestling with his conscience. Should he be the brave sea captain or obey his master and sink the ship?</span></span></b></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">There were purposely not enough lifeboats. Many of the lifeboats only had a few passengers of women and children during the emergency. White distress flares were jettisoned. Passing ships thought those aboard the Titanic were having a party. The distress flares should have been red. These examples were not because of an arrogant crew who believed the Titanic was unsinkable. These shortcomings were planned.</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://worldtruth.tv/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/A-Night-to-Remember1-560x373.jpg" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-13796" height="373" src="http://worldtruth.tv/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/A-Night-to-Remember1-560x373.jpg" style="border: 1px solid silver; display: block; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px auto 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 3px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" title="A-Night-to-Remember1-560x373" width="560" /></span></b></a></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Those richest of men, who opposed the Federal Reserve System, were killed along with the middle and lower classes. John Jacob Astor's wife was rescued. Molly Brown was also saved. The sinking of the Titanic was possibly the greatest disaster of the 20th Century outside of the World Wars. According to 'The Secret Terrorists,' the cause of this tragedy was the Jesuit Order of the Roman Catholic Church.</span></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The unsinkable ship, the floating palace was created to be a tomb for the wealthy, who opposed the Federal Reserve System. On </span><span style="outline: none;"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">April 14th</span></span><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> (</span><span style="outline: none;"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">the same date in history as the assassination of Abraham Lincoln</span></span><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">) of </span><span style="outline: none;"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">1912</span></span><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">, the Titanic struck an iceberg and all opposition to the Federal Reserve was eliminated. In </span><span style="outline: none;"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">December of 1913</span></span><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">, the </span><span style="outline: none;"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">Federal Reserve System</span></span><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> came into being in the United States. Eight months later, the Jesuits had sufficient funding through the Federal Reserve Bank to begin </span><span style="outline: none;"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">World War I.</span></span><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">' Notice the F.R.S. was established soon after the disaster of the Titanic.</span></span></b></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The rich have always created unnecessary wars where the poor have to fight and die. The pages of 'The Secret Terrorists' do not specifically name the Templars, Freemasons or Illuminati. But these Secret Societies are related and do control: The banks; the money system; the oil companies; corporations; governments; the politicians; the military; the police; the law and judicial system; the churches; the schools; the media, etc., etc...</span></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The rich and powerful have always ruled the world. The elite make the news; they create the great, international events.</span><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">IT IS NOT INCONCEIVABLE THAT WE HAVE HEARD SO MUCH ABOUT THE FAMOUS VOYAGE OF THE TITANIC BECAUSE IT WAS ONE OF THE MOST PERFECT CRIMES EVER COMMITTED!</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">There is no record in history of an association whose organization has stood for three hundred years unchanged and unaltered by all the assaults of men and time, and which has exercised such an immense influence over the destinies of mankind… '</span><span style="outline: none;">The ends justify the means</span><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">,’ is his favorite maxim; and as his only end, as we have shown, is the order, at its bidding </span><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="outline: none;">the Jesuit is ready to commit any crime whatsoever. </span></span><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">– G.B. Nicolini, </span><span style="outline: none;">The History of the Jesuits</span><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">, Henry G. Bohn.</span></span></b></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Let us remember <span style="outline: none;">the oath</span> that every person takes to become a part of the Jesuit Order:</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="outline: none;">I should regard myself as a dead body, without will or intelligence, as a little crucifix which is turned about unresistingly at the will of him who holds it as a staff in the hands of an old man, who uses it as he requires it, and as it suits him best</span>. – R.W. Thompson, <span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="outline: none;">The Footprints of the Jesuits</span></span>, Hunt and Eaton.</span></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="outline: none;">When a person takes the Jesuit Oath, he is bound to his master until the day he dies.</span></span><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span></b></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Edward Smith became a man without will or intelligence. He would commit any crime the Order wanted him to commit. Edward Smith had been required for martyrdom. Aboard the Titanic that night, Edward Smith knew his duty. He was under oath. The ship had been built for the enemies of the Jesuits. </span></b></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">After <span style="outline: none;">three days (3)</span> at sea, the Titanic was propelled full speed ahead, <span style="outline: none;">twenty-two(22)</span> knots, on a moonless dark night through a gigantic ice field nearly eighty square miles in area. Edward Smith did this despite at least eight telegrams warning him to be more cautious because he was going too fast.Question? What is the number of Skull and Bones? <span style="outline: none;">322</span>.</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Did Edward Smith need more caution? No, he had traveled those waters for twenty-six years. He knew there were icebergs in that area. But eight warnings didn’t stop this man who was under the Jesuit oath, and under orders to destroy the Titanic.</span></b></span></div>
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<a href="http://worldtruth.tv/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/promenade-deck.jpg" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-13805" height="446" src="http://worldtruth.tv/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/promenade-deck.jpg" style="border: 1px solid silver; display: block; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px auto 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 3px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Titanic, "A" Deck." width="600" /></span></b></a></div>
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<a href="http://worldtruth.tv/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Titanic-Second-Class-Passengers..jpg" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-13806" height="450" src="http://worldtruth.tv/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Titanic-Second-Class-Passengers..jpg" style="border: 1px solid silver; display: block; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px auto 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 3px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Titanic Verandah, Second Class deck above." width="595" /></span></b></a></div>
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<a href="http://worldtruth.tv/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Titanic-Gymnasium.jpg" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-13807" height="450" src="http://worldtruth.tv/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Titanic-Gymnasium.jpg" style="border: 1px solid silver; display: block; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px auto 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 3px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Titanic. The Gymnasium" width="579" /></span></b></a></div>
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<a href="http://worldtruth.tv/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Titanic-Reading-and-Writing-Room.jpg" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-13808" height="383" src="http://worldtruth.tv/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Titanic-Reading-and-Writing-Room.jpg" style="border: 1px solid silver; display: block; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px auto 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 3px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Titanic, reading room" width="600" /></span></b></a></div>
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<a href="http://worldtruth.tv/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/628x471.jpg" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-13818" height="471" src="http://worldtruth.tv/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/628x471.jpg" style="border: 1px solid silver; display: block; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px auto 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 3px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" title="628x471" width="312" /></span></b></a></div>
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<a href="http://worldtruth.tv/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/titanic-photos-22-500x370.jpg" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-13813" height="370" src="http://worldtruth.tv/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/titanic-photos-22-500x370.jpg" style="border: 1px solid silver; display: block; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px auto 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 3px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" title="titanic-photos-22-500x370" width="500" /></span></b></a></div>
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<a href="http://worldtruth.tv/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/titanic-photos-24.jpg" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-13815" height="700" src="http://worldtruth.tv/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/titanic-photos-24.jpg" style="border: 1px solid silver; display: block; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px auto 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 3px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" title="titanic-photos-24" width="500" /></span></b></a></div>
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<a href="http://worldtruth.tv/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/628x471-5.jpg" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-13823" height="434" src="http://worldtruth.tv/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/628x471-5.jpg" style="border: 1px solid silver; display: block; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px auto 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 3px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" title="628x471 (5)" width="628" /></span></b></a></div>
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<b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">An iceberg, presumed to be the one that was struck by the RMS Titanic, is pictured from the deck of the cable ship Mackay-Bennett on April 15, 1912.</span></b></div>
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<a href="http://worldtruth.tv/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/628x471-2.jpg" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-13820" height="471" src="http://worldtruth.tv/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/628x471-2.jpg" style="border: 1px solid silver; display: block; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px auto 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 3px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" title="628x471 (2)" width="623" /></span></b></a></div>
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<a href="http://worldtruth.tv/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/2012-04-10T212552Z_01_TONL02_RTRIDSP_3_TITANIC.jpg" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-13817" height="439" src="http://worldtruth.tv/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/2012-04-10T212552Z_01_TONL02_RTRIDSP_3_TITANIC.jpg" style="border: 1px solid silver; display: block; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px auto 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 3px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" title="2012-04-10T212552Z_01_TONL02_RTRIDSP_3_TITANIC" width="630" /></span></b></a></div>
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<b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> Survivors of the sinking of the RMS Titanic approach the RMS Carpathia in this April 15, 1912 photo</span></b></div>
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<a href="http://worldtruth.tv/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/628x471-3.jpg" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-13821" height="341" src="http://worldtruth.tv/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/628x471-3.jpg" style="border: 1px solid silver; display: block; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px auto 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 3px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" title="628x471 (3)" width="628" /></span></b></a></div>
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<b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Survivors of the sinking of the RMS Titanic rest on the deck of the RMS Carpathia on April 15, 1912</span></b></div>
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<a href="http://worldtruth.tv/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/628x471-1.jpg" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-13819" height="455" src="http://worldtruth.tv/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/628x471-1.jpg" style="border: 1px solid silver; display: block; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px auto 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 3px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" title="628x471 (1)" width="628" /></span></b></a></div>
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<b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Survivors of the sinking of the RMS Titanic are interviewed by reporters as they come off the RMS Carpathia in New York on April 18, 1912.</span></b></div>
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<a href="http://worldtruth.tv/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/tit18_18.jpg" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-13812" height="468" src="http://worldtruth.tv/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/tit18_18.jpg" style="border: 1px solid silver; display: block; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px auto 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 3px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" title="tit18_18" width="630" /></span></b></a></div>
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<b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Benjamin Guggenheim with his wife</span></b></div>
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<a href="http://worldtruth.tv/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/628x471-4.jpg" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-13822" height="448" src="http://worldtruth.tv/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/628x471-4.jpg" style="border: 1px solid silver; display: block; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px auto 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 3px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" title="628x471 (4)" width="628" /></span></b></a></div>
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<b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The funeral procession of John Jacob Astor IV, who died in the sinking of the RMS Titanic, enters Trinity Church Cemetery in upper Manhattan in this May 1912 photo.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> <a href="http://worldtruth.tv/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/13664_titanic-queenstown1.jpg" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-13824" height="442" src="http://worldtruth.tv/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/13664_titanic-queenstown1.jpg" style="border: 1px solid silver; display: block; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px auto 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 3px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" title="13664_titanic-queenstown" width="617" /></a></span></b></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03239339556333372137noreply@blogger.com28tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3233320805945685766.post-74147675573813283972013-01-02T10:47:00.001+05:302013-01-02T11:15:10.418+05:30WORLD CUP WINNING MOMENTS<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03239339556333372137noreply@blogger.com14tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3233320805945685766.post-55525072306244146292012-12-24T04:27:00.001+05:302012-12-24T04:27:34.378+05:30a walk with rajinikanth<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="344" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/R4uZrciMr78" width="459"></iframe>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03239339556333372137noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3233320805945685766.post-17157980897806478932012-11-28T19:49:00.003+05:302012-11-28T19:59:57.867+05:30<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<h1 class="entry-title" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Arial, Georgia, serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: red;">How Did the T-Shirt Get Its Name?</span><img height="281" src="http://stories.edhelperclipart.com/clipart/stories/the1940s-thetshirtbecomestherage.jpg" style="background-color: transparent;" width="320" /><span style="color: orange;">Who Invented the T-Shirt?</span></h1>
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<b><span style="color: #0b5394;">INTERSTING FACT TO BE KNOWN BY ALL OF US</span></b></div>
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<i><b><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Origin: 1919</span></b></i><br />
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<b><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The walking advertisement of late twentieth-century American culture got its start as a humble item of men's underwear and got its name because when spread flat it formed a stubby letter <i>T</i>. Its little sleeves and round collar distinguished the T-shirt from the standard sleeveless undershirt of the day. The sleeves may also have helped bring the T-shirt out of hiding in the 1930s and 1940s, since they offered a gesture toward modesty as well as a cache for a pack of cigarettes.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Once they were on view, T-shirts became canvasses for images and messages. In addition to basic white, they soon came in all shades; and equally important, they displayed first the emblems of schools and teams, and then every design or slogan imaginable. Today a public event is hardly complete without its accompanying T-shirt. Cold weather doesn't slow us down; we just cover the T-shirt with a sweatshirt, a 1925 American invention.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Though it must have been around at least a year earlier (hence our 1919 date), we first read of the T-shirt in F. Scott Fitzgerald's 1920 <i>This Side of Paradise</i>. In the novel, a wealthy, self-absorbed 15-year-old boy from Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, heads off to prep school in Connecticut with a wardrobe including "six suits summer underwear, six suits winter underwear, one sweater or T shirt, one jersey...." Exciting words of the Roaring Twenties--<small style="text-transform: uppercase;">FLAPPER</small> (1915), <i>sheik, cat's pajamas</i>--have faded into history, but the two informal garments we began to wear in those times, the T-shirt and the sweatshirt, hang in our vocabulary more prominently than ever.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">A T-shirt (T shirt or tee) is a style of shirt. A T-shirt's defining characteristic is the T shape made with the body and sleeves. It is normally associated with short sleeves, a round neck line, and no collar. However, it may also include long sleeves, buttons, collars, or v-necks.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">T-shirts are typically made of cotton fibers (sometimes others), knitted together in a jersey stitch that gives a T-shirt its distinctive soft texture. The majority of modern T-shirts have a body that is made from a continuously woven tube, so the torso has no side seams. This is accomplished with special weaving machines called circular looms, which produce seamless fabric for tube tops, stockings, and the like. Conventional stitching is used for the waist band, neck band, sleeves and to close the shoulders. The manufacture of T-shirts has become highly automated, and may include fabric cutting by laser or water jet.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">T-shirt fashions include many styles for both men and women, and for all age groups, including baby, youth, teen, adult and elderly sizes.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The T-shirt evolved from undergarments used in the 19th century, through cutting the one-piece "union suit" underwear into separate top and bottom garments, with the top long enough to tuck under the waistband of the bottoms. T-shirts, with and without buttons, were adopted by miners and stevedores during the late 19th century as a convenient covering for hot environments.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">T-shirts, as a slip-on garment without buttons, originally became popular in the United States when they were issued by the U.S. Navy during or following the Spanish American War. These were a crew-necked, short-sleeved, white cotton undershirt to be worn under a uniform. It became common for sailors and Marines in work parties, the early submarines, and tropical climates to remove their uniform "jacket", wearing (and soiling) only the undershirt.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Named the T-shirt due to the shape of the garment's outline, it soon became popular as a bottom layer of clothing for workers in various industries, including agriculture. The T-shirt was easily fitted, easily cleaned, and inexpensive, and for this reason it became the shirt of choice for young boys. Boys' shirts were made in various colors and patterns. By theGreat Depression, the T-shirt was often the default garment to be worn when doing farm or ranch chores, as well as other times when modesty called for a torso covering but conditions called for lightweight fabrics.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The truth is that the t-shirt has been around a long time, and no one knows its exact origins.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The following are two popular theories.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">One idea is this: Men working on the docks at Annapolis, Maryland, in the late 1600s unloaded a great deal of tea.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The simple shirts they wore became known as “tea shirts,” later shorted simply to “T-shirts.”</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The second theory comes from across the pond, in the Royal Navy.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Navy men wearing the equivalent of tank tops offended the British Royal Family who insisted they cover their arms enough to hide their armpits.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The shirts looked like “T’s” in comparison to the old tanks and so were dubbed “T shirts.”</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: normal;"> During World War I in Europe, American soldiers made a discovery. While they sweated and sweltered in their wool uniforms, European soldiers took off their heavy jackets and wore a light-weight cotton shirt. They called them undershirts because they wore them under their clothing. News of this comfortable addition to the male wardrobe returned to the U.S. after the war.</span><br style="line-height: normal;" /><span style="line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="line-height: normal;"> When World War II was declared, the U.S. military decided to take the hint from its European allies. It issued the same type of cotton shirt to U.S. soldiers. This shirt was to be worn under the fighting uniforms. It was designed to keep the body cooler during battles. When the soldiers were doing heavy labor between battles, many decided to take off their uniform shirts and wear only the olive drab cotton shirts they had been issued. In those days, it wasn't polite to be seen in public wearing underclothes, but due to the circumstances, it was allowed. Newspaper and movie news photographers often took pictures of the soldiers wearing just their uniform pants and the cotton shirt.</span><br style="line-height: normal;" /><span style="line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="line-height: normal;"> The T-shirt got its name from its shape. If you flatten the shirt out from neck to waist and pull the arms out to the side, it forms the letter T. The T-shirt became a regular issue to all military men and women during the early 1940s. Many branches wanted to make sure that the T-shirts were easy to keep track of. They printed their unit names on the shirt. Some soldiers even had their names printed on the shirts so they didn't get lost in the laundry. You might have seen a T-shirt imprinted with "Air Corps Gunnery School" on it to show that the soldier had attended training at a specific school.</span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: normal;">REFERENCE: WIKIPEDIA</span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: normal;"> ARAVINDAN</span></span></b></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03239339556333372137noreply@blogger.com23tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3233320805945685766.post-13674309173060125432012-11-28T18:53:00.002+05:302012-11-28T18:53:39.033+05:30<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: x-large;"> a collection of strange and stupid BRITISH law</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Every county in the world seems to have a collection of strange laws that are bizarre, outdated or just plain wrong, even to the people who live there. Britain is no exception and it quite probable that you may have already heard of some of these as the BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) held a competition some years ago to see which of these laws the public felt were the most stupid.</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Sadly, the time has come to sort out the wheat from the chaff. (truth from the nonsense) There are many lists circulating on the internet that claim to be true but are not but are the result of one website just repeating another. The truth is that some of the laws are now repealed, others have twisted the actual law to make it more interesting and some are simply urban myths. This is what we found out but we're still open to correction if you have hard evidence.</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">THESE ARE REALLY STILL ILLEGAL IN 2010</span></b><br />
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" /><span id="goog_338482517"></span><br />
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<b><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">MP’s are not allowed to wear armour in parliament.</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">It turns out that this a true. The 1313 Statute [Coming armed to Parliament]: The Act forbids the wearing of armour by members of Parliament when attending in the House and has never been repealed.</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">.</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">It is still an offence to beat or shake any carpet rug or mat in any street in the Metropolitan Police District, although you are allowed to shake a doormat before 8am.</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Strangely, this law actually turned out to be true under the Metropolitan Police Act 1839, section 60 and for other districts; Town Police Clauses Act 1847, section 28. The following five laws were also initiated by the same section 28 and are still in force.</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">It is illegal to keep a pigsty in front of your house (Unless duly hidden).</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">It is illegal to erect a washing line across any street.</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">It is illegal to sing any profane or obscene song or ballad in any street.</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">It is illegal to wilfully and wantonly disturbing people by ringing their doorbells or knocking at their doors</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Even if it has a cute name like Ding Dong Ditch, Knock Knocky or Ring and Run.</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">It is illegal to order or permit any servant to stand on the sill of any window to clean or paint it.</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">It is an offence for the keeper of a place of public resort to permit drunkenness in the house. Further, under the Licensing Act 2003, section 140, it is an offence to allow disorderly conduct and under section 141 it is an offence to sell alcohol to an intoxicated person. (LCSLPR*)</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">However, urban myth often describes this law as: It is illegal to be drunk in a public house. No ... you're allowed to get drunk it's actually the pub owner who is liable to get into trouble. Well that's a relief.</span></b><br />
<img alt="Drunkeness in the 18th Century" height="176" src="http://www.aquiziam.com/pictures/curious-laws-drunkeness.jpg" width="640" /><br />
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<b><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The Easter Act 1928 provides that, in the United Kingdom, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man, Easter Day shall be a fixed day in each year, viz. the first Sunday after the second Saturday in April. The Act has been on the statute book for 62 years but has never been brought into force. (LCSLPR*)</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Under the Metropolitan Police Act 1839 no person (other than persons acting in obedience to lawful authority) is to discharge any cannon or other firearm of greater calibre than a common fowling-piece within 300 yards of any dwelling house to the annoyance of any inhabitant thereof. Maximum penalty: £200 fine. (LCSLPR*)</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">An employer cannot give a (subjective) bad reference as this may constitute libel. They can choose not to give one at all or be non committal, but they can't give a bad one.</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">This is largely true but more complicated than the legal shorthand that often gets quoted. An employer can provide whatever reference they like but should not say anything that is negative that they would not be prepared to defend in court-of-law as the recipient of the reference has the right to sue for defamation of character or plain libel. As the libel laws of Britain are quite strict, employers often opt for the simple don't say anything bad approach.</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The Metropolitan Streets Act 1867 prohibits the driving or conducting of any cattle through any street between the hours of 10.00 in the morning and 7.00 in the evening (except with the permission of the Commissioner of Police). The maximum penalty is a £200 fine for each head of cattle. (LCSLPR*)</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">It is illegal to eat Mute Swan unless you're the Queen of Great Britain. The Queen and two livery companies (Vitners and Dryers) own all the Mute Swans in England and only the Queen and her invited diners may actually eat them as can guests of St. John's College Cambridge.</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">This is strictly speaking true but much more complicated than it seems and has a great deal to do with which swans are marked and which are unmarked. In particular, the Mute Swan is officially a protected species and therefore nobody is legally allowed to kill them for the purpose of eating them. Mute swans are protected under the wildlife and countryside act of 1981. Anyone found guilty of killing them faces a £5,000 fine or up to six months in prison. We're not sure if this law applies to the ruling monarch of the United Kingdom.</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">It is illegal to use a television in Britain without a license.</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) is a state-based entity that provides a national and international broadcasting service. It is largely funded by the license fee which allows it to put standards of programming ahead of purely commercial interests and makes possible the production of programmes that would not be otherwise financially viable. Even so, the question of whether there should be a license fee remains a hotly debated topic.</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">It is an offense to be intoxicated (drunk) and in charge of a cow in Scotland. </span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The law is part of the (alcohol) Licensing Act of 1872 and actually also includes horses and steam engines. It allegedly carries a penalty fine of up to 1,200 GBP excluding the costs of looking after the cow, horse, etc.</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Under the terms of the Protection of Wrecks Order 2003: A person shall not enter the hull of the Titanic without permission from the Secretary of State.</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Under the terms of the Polish Potatoes (Notification) in England Order - 2004: No person shall, in the course of business, import into England potatoes which he knows to be or has reasonable cause to suspect to be Polish potatoes.</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">It is apparently an offense to activate your burglar alarm and leave the property if you haven't nominated a key-holder who can access your house to switch off your siren should it go off.</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">This is apparently a fairly recent addition to British law and was established under the terms of the Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act - 2005 / Part 7.</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Under the terms of a bye-law it is illegal to "Jump" the queue in the tube ticket hall. Any person directed by a notice to queue (or when asked to queue by an authorised person) shall join the rear of the queue and obey the reasonable instructions of any authorised person.</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">All beached whales and sturgeons must be offered to the reigning monarch.</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The original law which is now largely defunct stated: "The King shall have throughout the realm, whales and great sturgeons taken in the sea or elsewhere within the realm, except in certain places privileged by the King."</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">This clearly included any of these creatures that were stranded or found dead on a beach that was not exempt from this ruling (for example private land). The rule was taken to mean that whales and sturgeons should first be offered to the king who could then decide what should be done with them. Naturally, the Monarch was often busy and it fell to the "Receiver of Wreck" to decide on his behalf.</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In practice the Receiver of Wreck no longer offers the whale to the Monarch and doesn't expect to have beached whales reported to his office. However, he still does offer all sturgeons. In reality all beached whales or strandings should be reported to the Natural History Museum - although in practice you are likely to get a faster response from the local police.</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">This should not be confused with "Sturgeon's Laws" which are similar to some of the "Murphy's Laws" and states: (1) "Nothing is always absolutely so" and (2) "Ninety percent of everything is crud" or "Ninety percent of everything is crap."</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">A horn should not be sounded when stationary on a road at anytime, other than at times of danger due to another vehicle on or near the road.</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">While this is true it only makes this list because it is quoted so often. In fact, a car horn should only ever be sounded in the case of an emergency whether or not the car is parked. This is a standard requirement in many countries. https://www.askthe.police.uk/content/Q406.htm</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In London, it is illegal for a person (knowingly) with the plague to flag down a taxi or try and ride on a bus. (Sort of True)</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">This is somewhat true as the law prohibits any person who knows that they have a notifiable disease (including the plague) from entering any form of public conveyance (taxi) without first telling the driver of the conveyance. Actually, the taxi driver can then still agree to transport them so long as he (or she) then has the taxi immediately disinfected. This is part of the Public Health (Control of Disease) Act 1984, sections 33 and 34: Public Conveyances. Some of the other notifiable diseases listed do indeed include, plague, rabies, food poisoning and leprosy.</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">However, when it comes to notifiable diseases and busses just forget it as it is against the law for a bus driver to allow you onboard. We're not sure if it infringes his or her human rights to try and stop you as by doing so will knowingly expose him or her to your disease? Curious law!</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">A person shall be guilty of an offence if he uses for trade an automatic rail-weighbridge to which there is affixed a disqualification sticker.</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Seriously, who cares!</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">It is illegal for a cab in the City of London to carry rabid dogs or corpses.</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">See point 22 for the section on rabies. However it is worth adding that where this occurs the responsibility becomes that of the dog's owner assuming that he or she doesn't yet have rabies themselves in which case whether or not the dog (dead or alive) becomes irrelevant.</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">On the subject of corpses this law is unclear. There are many cases of a person dying while travelling in a taxi but no known cases of the taxi driver suddenly stopping and dragging the poor recently deceased person out of the taxi and tossing them onto the pavement. This sounds like a twisting of the facts. There may be some laws that corpse that haven't died in transit may have to be moved only in a special vehicle such as a hearse or an ambulance. We'll look into it.</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">It is illegal to avoid telling the tax man anything you do not want him to know, but legal not to tell him information you do not mind him knowing.</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Again ... this is somewhat true but the actual law has had its wording twisted to make it seem funnier. The actual law require a person to disclose schemes that are deliberately designed to avoid tax which would otherwise be due to the HM Customs and Revenue. It is an oversimplification of the Tax Avoidance Scheme 2006, S.I. 2006 No 1543. (LCSLPR*)</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">It is illegal under the terms of the Prohibition and Inspections Act of 1998 to cause a nuclear explosion.</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Damn Right! But ... why it had to be a special law though is a mystery</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">PRESENTED BY</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">ARAVINDAN</span></b><br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03239339556333372137noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3233320805945685766.post-35404196829481275482012-11-27T18:47:00.002+05:302012-11-27T18:47:55.325+05:30<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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RISING OF BUDDHA IMAGE</h3>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: red;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;">Today India is known for Idol Worship. All religions in India have in Form worship, either as symbols, letters, pictures or Idols. But this was not the case 2000Years ago. Any form of Form in Faith was not considered. In some places like Karnataka not even name of the dead Jain persons written on the Graves even until 400 AD. Hinduism , Jainism and Buddhism did not support gods in human form. So how did this extreme swing took place , from nothing everything in human forms. This explains the lack of Inscriptions, temples, Idols before 5th century BC. Classic study in this transformation is Buddhism. This was the religion at the prime when this transformation occurred. So Let us see how we got the Image of Buddha. Which will explain the transformation. Let us see if Image in Indian religion and the Origin of Buddha Image and associate controversies.</span><br style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;" /><br style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;" /><span style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;">Vedic Hinduism.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;"></span></span></b><div style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="background-color: white; color: red;">Vedic religion says Absolute or Trancendental can be realized in diverse ways. Co-existence of Sakara(diety with Form) <a href="http://www.gophoto.it/view.php?i=http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_sG5NH12JsUo/Sci6QdsrS0I/AAAAAAAAAIY/S3QweSrmHJs/s1600-h/Indus+Shiva.jpg" style="text-decoration: initial;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5316704152123558722" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_sG5NH12JsUo/Sci6QdsrS0I/AAAAAAAAAIY/S3QweSrmHJs/s320/Indus+Shiva.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border: 1px solid transparent; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 0px 0px; cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; padding: 8px; position: relative; width: 312px;" /></a>and Nirakara(Diety without Form) in the same household , with men with different Intellectual and moral denominations aspiring for spirituality in their respective ways. Kena Upanishad says man cannot comprehend God with his sense organs. That is God cannot be seen with Eyes. Svetasvatara upanishad says that Great one has not likeness to form. In Bhagavat Gita Arjuna asks Krishna in what forms and objects the Great one should be meditated. In response Krishna first Enumerated all phenomenal objects , all flora , all fauna and so on. Then Krishna gives Arjuna supernatural Eye , in which he sees entire universe, process of creation and process of destruction. Arjuna beholds God is identical with Cosmos. Later Supplements of Gita say God can be worshipped by Agni by Brahman, Devata(divinity) worshipped in the heart of Muni,Pratima(Image) is adored by men of Low intellect. While one whose sight is not limited can see God everywhere. Adi shankara preferred Formless and Ramanuja said he is prefers both Formless and With Form.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: red;">Jainism</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: red;">Jainism says In the theist world the loftiest entity is The God. It has thousands of names like Paramatma (the ultimate soul), Bhagavan (the most glorious one), Siddha (the liberated), Buddha (the enlightened), The God, etc.<a href="http://www.gophoto.it/view.php?i=http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_sG5NH12JsUo/Sci6_pWvfqI/AAAAAAAAAIg/uGhgpPMdscA/s1600-h/Mahavir+Gulbarga.jpg" style="text-decoration: initial;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5316704962706636450" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_sG5NH12JsUo/Sci6_pWvfqI/AAAAAAAAAIg/uGhgpPMdscA/s320/Mahavir+Gulbarga.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border: 1px solid transparent; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 0px 0px; cursor: pointer; float: right; height: 180px; margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; padding: 8px; position: relative; width: 240px;" /></a></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: red;">In the Jain tradition there are two forms of this entity-</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: red;">(1) The formless God or Siddha (the liberated) and</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: red;">(2) The God with a form or Tirthankar / Arihant.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: red;">The Tirthankar is a detached individual who is the ultimate altruist and benefactor of not only mankind but every living being. He propagates the religious path and preaches about it for their benefit. His benevolent voice promotes happiness, peace, and infinite bliss for every being.In the Jain tradition there have been twenty-four Tirthankars during the current descending cycle of time, Bhagavan Rishabhdev being the first and Bhagavan Mahavir being the last. For every Jain these Tirthankars are the entities to be worshipped and revered. The ultimate goal of Jainism is to tread the path shown by them and acquire infinite powers and virtues.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: red;">Buddhism</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: red;">Thervada ban on Buddharupa( Buddha Image) is well known. An old Disciple of Buddha Vakali was eager to see Buddha before he died. One day buddha came and said to him “ O vakkali why do you crave to see this body of impure matter, one who perceives Dharma Perceives me. One who perceives me perceives Dharma” On different occasions through dialogues and sermons Buddha spoke against adoration of his Rupakaya or Buddha Rupa.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: red;">What does faith say?</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: red;">The Trinity Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism say that God is formless ,but it does not go against worship of forms , saying that is done by lower intellectuals. So the form is also present in Indian Dharma along with Formless, which is the basic or ultimate. Now let us see how Buddha Image developed.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: red;">Origin of Buddha Image</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: red;">Buddhist followers remained faithful to Buddha teaching of non-worship of buddha Image. The first to break the rule King Udyana of Vatsa or Kausambi, who was very devoted, The story goes that he was worried that Buddha would not return. Buddha's disciple Maudgalyayana used magic to send an artist (some say 32 of them) up to heaven to capture the likeness of the Buddha in a 5-foot figure carved out of sandalwood. This image was so accurate and imbued with devotion, that when Shakyamuni returned, it rose up to greet him. The Buddha acknowledged then, the power of the rupa to inspire and to teach the dharma to future generations. This story is not accepted by most Buddhists. For Five centuries after Buddha until 1st century BC , Buddha was represented by Symbols. Until 1st century AD he was never represented in Human Form. Immediately following this period the Graeco-B<a href="http://www.gophoto.it/view.php?i=http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_sG5NH12JsUo/Sci4dtqK1wI/AAAAAAAAAIQ/pwjTS7CSbAw/s1600-h/Buddha+Image.jpg" style="text-decoration: initial;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5316702180723054338" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_sG5NH12JsUo/Sci4dtqK1wI/AAAAAAAAAIQ/pwjTS7CSbAw/s320/Buddha+Image.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border: 1px solid transparent; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 0px 0px; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 320px; margin: 0px auto 10px; padding: 8px; position: relative; text-align: center; width: 233px;" /></a>uddhist or Indo-Hellenistic or Ghandara period presents us with enormous anthromorphic images. Immediately we have suggestions from western world that the images were introduction from west , particularly from Greece. The present Image developed after the 5th century AD. Our main debate of the article comes here, Was the Concept of Image of God came from West (Persia, Middle east , Greece, Rome , etc).</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: red;">Image or Icon in Indian Religions – History Debate.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: red;">In the First two decades of this 20th century Western scholars like Albert Foucher and John Marshall has concluded that Image or Icon was not the characteristic of Indian religions till the advent of Persians , West Asians and Greek. This Western Idea was supported by Arya Samaj, Brahmo Samaj and Prarthana Samaj. They maintained that Worship of Image was un - Vedic, Un - Brahminical and was the later development in Puranic age. Thervada buddhist also accepted this theory.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: red;">Other Hindus who held Pratima(Likeness = Image) was an Indigenous element nothing was foreign. Kashiprasad Jaiswal and Anand Coomaraswamy contended that Rupa (form) is integral part of the Vedic religion. At this time Indus Valley civilzation was unearthed, Archeologist R.P chanda found earliest representation of Siva<a href="http://www.gophoto.it/view.php?i=http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_sG5NH12JsUo/Sci3wfru8tI/AAAAAAAAAII/hf6QHdPOKPc/s1600-h/sarnath++buddha.jpg" style="text-decoration: initial;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5316701403877405394" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_sG5NH12JsUo/Sci3wfru8tI/AAAAAAAAAII/hf6QHdPOKPc/s320/sarnath++buddha.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border: 1px solid transparent; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 0px 0px; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 320px; margin: 0px auto 10px; padding: 8px; position: relative; text-align: center; width: 176px;" /></a>Pasupathi and Yogi in the Indus valley. Also scholars pointed to Tibetans traditions and showed that Image was used before Mauryas. Also aborignals(Not Aryan and Dravidian) like Veddas and Nagas have their dieties and symbols of worship. So the worship of symbols and dieties is not totally absent.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: red;">Image worship in India</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: red;">Image w<a href="http://www.gophoto.it/view.php?i=http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_sG5NH12JsUo/Sci7qziHyZI/AAAAAAAAAIo/No-Mca_5n5s/s1600-h/Yaksha+200BC.jpg" style="text-decoration: initial;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5316705704173095314" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_sG5NH12JsUo/Sci7qziHyZI/AAAAAAAAAIo/No-Mca_5n5s/s320/Yaksha+200BC.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border: 1px solid transparent; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 0px 0px; cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; padding: 8px; position: relative; width: 123px;" /></a>orship as we have seen in the Formless debate was accepted and prevalent.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: red;">Images of Shiva, mother Goddess,Yogi and wide variety of Terrocotta statues representing Human and Animal like forms. in Indus valley have proved beyond doubt that Image worship was prevalent.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: red;">Aboriginal like Yaksha and Naga have dieties. We find numerous dieties in their settlements since earliest times. Which show that Idol worship was prevalent before vedic times(7000BC)</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: red;">Sakya, the clan Buddha was born in, had its own Yaksha deity, the Yaksha Sakyavardhana, the benevolent guardian of Sakyas. As prevailed the custom, soon after his birth, the child Buddha was presented to Yaksha Sakyavardhana for child's long life and glory.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: red;">So from the above points the worshipping of Forms and images was widely prevalent and the Idea is not Import from west. Let us move to the next point. Was the Buddha image creation due to influence of the west.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: red;">Foreign Influence.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: red;">Foucher argued that the Buddha Image is a eurasian one or Greek one. Let us analyse the facts.Before the Gandhara buddhist images there were Mathura Buddhist Images which were Indian in look and Indigenous. So there is no question of Gandhara images being the first buddhist image<a href="http://www.gophoto.it/view.php?i=http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_sG5NH12JsUo/Sci3PB4SHwI/AAAAAAAAAIA/i-gX1fANwsc/s1600-h/Mathura+Buddha.jpg" style="text-decoration: initial;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5316700828941295362" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_sG5NH12JsUo/Sci3PB4SHwI/AAAAAAAAAIA/i-gX1fANwsc/s320/Mathura+Buddha.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border: 1px solid transparent; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 0px 0px; cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; padding: 8px; position: relative; width: 240px;" /></a>s. Infact Gandhara images are continuation of mathura Images. Let us see the if there is any influence of Greek or western on the Gandhara images. Let us see one by one</span></b></div>
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<i><b><span style="background-color: white; color: red;">Image</span></b></i></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: red;">The Asanas are all Indian. The early art shows five sitting postions with hands showing mudras (Dharmachakra Mudra, Dhyna Mudra, Bhumisparsa Mudra, Varada mudra, Abhaya Mudra)</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: red;">The Dress worn by Boddhisattvas are Indian.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: red;">Physical attributes: Protuberance(usnisa) on the crown is evident, urna or turf in the fine hair between the brows is evident, Fingers are webbed, The Ears are elongated by wearing the ear rings before monastic robes.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: red;">The Boddhisattvas represented in less rigid position holding attributes in the hands(vajra pani in Vajra, Padmapani by roselotus , Avalokitesvara by blue lotus, Maitreya Amrta Flask) These attributes can be held in any hand, but they are always held in Right hand by Indian Tradition.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: red;">The Dieties are either seated or Standing on traditional Indian lotus Flower.</span></b></div>
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<i><b><span style="background-color: white; color: red;">Symbols</span></b></i></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: red;">All the Symbols used in the Art are indian such as bull, Sacred Tree,Mountain, River , many Solar ,Nandipada, Trishul, Swastik, Lotus , Bow and Arrow Etc. These are Hindu, Jain and Buddhist or Indian.</span></b></div>
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<i><b><span style="background-color: white; color: red;">Art form</span></b></i></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: red;">In Indian art (abstract) the emphasis is laid on the significance of the object not the ap<a href="http://www.gophoto.it/view.php?i=http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_sG5NH12JsUo/Sci2b1jbHoI/AAAAAAAAAH4/chm28AKJb2c/s1600-h/Ghandara+Buddha.jpg" style="text-decoration: initial;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5316699949459250818" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_sG5NH12JsUo/Sci2b1jbHoI/AAAAAAAAAH4/chm28AKJb2c/s320/Ghandara+Buddha.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border: 1px solid transparent; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 0px 0px; cursor: pointer; float: right; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; padding: 8px; position: relative; width: 234px;" /></a>pearance. In Greek art (naturalistic) the emphasis is laid on the object and its looks. Every art is a compromise between the abstract and naturalistic, but what we see in Gandhara and other Indian art is continuos concept of Abstract(whether one finds a sacred tree or Buddha Figure) , no swing from one style to another as seen during 19th century when there were wild swings to European art. The Gandhara artforms are infact reproduction of early mathura artforms.</span></b></div>
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<i><b><span style="background-color: white; color: red;">Technology</span></b></i></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: red;">The Technology , Craftsman were already present , when the need for buddha arise and they had no problem in making the images.<br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: red;">Conclusion</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: red;">So we cannot say that the Buddha got the Image due to Western Influence. The Gandhara art shows lot of Influence of Hellenistic artform, but the Image is originally Indian. Hinduism , Jainism and Buddhism embodied accomodation of non-believers into their fold as they are , without losing anything. Unlike in Europe when pre-christian gods were banished once christianity took hold, Indian faith accepted aboriginal Yaksha and Naga dieties and symbols and absorbed them. This process continued and Buddhist and Jain elements were absorbed int<a href="http://www.gophoto.it/view.php?i=http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_sG5NH12JsUo/Sci8mvDdxNI/AAAAAAAAAIw/KibfvUeIVHQ/s1600-h/Naga+Diety.jpg" style="text-decoration: initial;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5316706733762921682" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_sG5NH12JsUo/Sci8mvDdxNI/AAAAAAAAAIw/KibfvUeIVHQ/s320/Naga+Diety.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border: 1px solid transparent; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 0px 0px; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 176px; margin: 0px auto 10px; padding: 8px; position: relative; text-align: center; width: 320px;" /></a>o Hindu fold. So the Image and Deity worship are essentially Indian , though they were not part of Hindu, Jain or Buddhist Dharma initially.</span></b></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03239339556333372137noreply@blogger.com11tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3233320805945685766.post-49672741620163569162012-11-21T02:38:00.002+05:302012-11-21T10:40:20.635+05:30<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="color: #38761d; font-size: x-large;"><b>An ‘Ideal’ Year has 360 or 365 Days : The Ancient Standard</b></span><br />
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<b><span style="color: #674ea7; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">As a result of modern day astronomical observations it is well established that the current earth year is about 365.2421897 days in length. This fact of the modern age noted however, from the study of many civilisations from the distant past, it has come to light that there was once a widely held belief that in some very remote age, the earth possessed a yearly orbit of precisely 360 days. </span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: #674ea7; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Indeed, many such past cultures widely separated from one another actively established calendar systems based upon a 360-day year, including the ancient Egyptians, the Maya, and the Babylonians to name but a few. And yet, they did this even though their astronomers were well able to determine that the earth did not in fact possess 360 days per year. Their own measurements were accurate enough to inform them of the fact that it was indeed about 365 ¼ days.</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: #674ea7; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> Even so, they still used 360 alongside the observed period. Both years were thus recognised and acknowledged, almost suggesting a wilful desire to retain the memory of what was once an ‘ideal’ earth orbital period. For to their minds truly, the earth had indeed at some point in the past made an actual physical transition from one measure to the other. One of the most well known examples of the story of the transformation of the earth orbit, encoded in mythical form and surviving even down to this present day, comes from Egypt; a tale involving various ‘gods’, whose actions are held directly responsible for the increase in the length of the year:</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #674ea7; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="color: #674ea7; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">A long time ago, Re, who was god of the sun, ruled the earth. During this time, he heard of a prophecy that Nut, the sky goddess, would give birth to a son who would depose him. Therefore Re cast a spell to the effect that Nut could not give birth on any day of the year, which was then itself composed of precisely 360 days. To help Nut to counter this spell, the wisdom god Thoth devised a plan. Thoth went to the Moon god Khonsu and asked that he play a game known as Senet, requesting that they play for the very light of the moon itself. Feeling confident and that he would win, Khonsu agreed. However, in the course of playing he lost the game several times in succession, such that Thoth ended up winning from the moon a substantial measure of its light, equal to about five days. With this in hand, Thoth then took this extra time, and gave it to Nut. In doing so this had the effect of increasing the earth’s number of days per year, allowing Nut to give birth to a succession of children; one upon each of the extra 5 days that were added to the original 360. And as for the moon, losing its light had quite an effect upon it, for it became weaker and smaller in the sky. Being forced to hide itself periodically to recuperate; it could only show itself fully for a short period of time before having to disappear to regain its strength.</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #674ea7; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="color: #674ea7; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">As can be seen from the above noted myth, (paraphrased from various sources) the ancient Egyptians were thoroughly of the mind that an increase to the earth year by some 5 extra days was an event that had indeed truly happened at some point in the past. Moreover, this was not something that was held to be good either, for in fact, the extra days were viewed as ‘unlucky’. A 360-day year was thought harmonious, whilst the current year was in some strange sense held to be ‘deficient’.</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #674ea7; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="color: #674ea7; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Of course, in the modern age, the very idea that the earth did once truly possess 360 days to one orbit about the sun is regarded as preposterous and a nonsense by most scientists. It is dismissed out of hand as being something that cannot be proven. That is, until now. Indeed, it so transpires that a new proof has recently come to light that decisively demonstrates that the earth did indeed once possess a 360-day year. The ancients would seem to have been right, and modern astronomers wrong.</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: #674ea7; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="color: #674ea7; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The Nature of the Proof</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: #674ea7; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The essential nature of the actual proof that the earth once possessed 360 days per year rests upon an apparent connection between the basic units of angular measure, which include degrees, minutes, and seconds of arc, and the outward dimensions of the physical form of the earth, including also the orbit of the moon. There are thus two aspects to the proof as a whole, each of which combined, are found to strongly support the idea that the earth did indeed once possess a 360 day orbit. And indeed, as was mentioned in the previous essays concerning the link, underlying support for the proof itself, rests upon the work of Johannes Kepler; upon his own unique discovery of the validity of laws of proportion operative within the universe.</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: #674ea7; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The following links reveal then the decisive proof of a once existent 360-day year, and should be read each in turn:</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: #674ea7; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">An Earth Year of 360 days (Part 1) </span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #674ea7; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">An increased Earth tropical year and an expansion of the physical size of the planet. </span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: #674ea7; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">An Earth Year of 360 days (Part 2) </span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #674ea7; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">An increased Earth tropical year and a shift in the orbit of the Moon.</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #674ea7; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="color: #674ea7; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">presented by</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #674ea7; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">aravindan</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #674ea7; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></b>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03239339556333372137noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3233320805945685766.post-5303721092144085742012-11-21T02:27:00.000+05:302012-11-21T02:27:07.419+05:30<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 20px;"><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;">Mona Lisa mysteries</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #741b47; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">New images uncover 25 secrets about the Mona Lisa, including proof that Leonardo da Vinci gave her eyebrows, solving a long-held mystery.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #741b47; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The images are part of an exhibition, "Mona Lisa Secrets Revealed," which features new research by French engineer Pascal Cotte and debuts in the United States at the Metreon Center in San Francisco, where it will remain through the end of this year. The Mona Lisa showcase is part of a larger exhibition called "Da Vinci: An Exhibition of Genius."</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #741b47; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Cotte, founder of Lumiere Technology, scanned the painting with a 240-megapixel Multi-spectral Imaging Camera he invented, which uses 13 wavelengths from ultraviolet light to infrared. The resulting images peel away centuries of varnish and other alterations, shedding light on how the artist brought the painted figure to life and how she appeared to da Vinci and his contemporaries.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #741b47; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">A zoomed-in image of Mona Lisa's left eye revealed a single brush stroke in the eyebrow region, Cotte said.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #741b47; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">"I am an engineer and scientist, so for me all has to be logical. It was not logical that Mona Lisa does not have any eyebrows or eyelashes," Cotte told <em>LiveScience</em>. "I discovered one hair of the eyebrow."</span></b></div>
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<img id="popped_image" src="http://i.livescience.com/images/i/000/004/061/original/071018-mona-lisa-02.jpg?1296081888" style="border: none; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;" /></div>
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<b><span style="color: #741b47; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Another conundrum had been the position of the subject's right arm, which lies across her stomach. This was the first time, Cotte said, that a painter had rendered a subject's arm and wrist in such a position. While other artists had never understood da Vinci's reasoning, they copied it nonetheless.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #741b47; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Cotte discovered the pigment just behind the right wrist matched up perfectly with that of the painted cover that drapes across Mona Lisa's knee. So it did make sense: The forearm and wrist held up one side of a blanket.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #741b47; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">"The wrist of the right hand is up high on the stomach. But if you look deeply in the infrared you understand that she holds a cover with her wrist," Cotte said.</span></b></div>
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<strong><span style="color: #741b47; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Behind a painting</span></strong></div>
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<b><span style="color: #741b47; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The infrared images also revealed da Vinci's preparatory drawings that lie behind layers of varnish and paint, showing that the Renaissance man was also human.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #741b47; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">"If you look at the left hand you see the first position of the finger, and he changed his mind for another position," Cotte said. "Even Leonardo da Vinci had hesitation."</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #741b47; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Other revelations include:</span></b></div>
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<li><b><span style="color: #741b47; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Lace on Mona Lisa's dress</span></b></li>
<li><b><span style="color: #741b47; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The transparency of the veil shows da Vinci first painted a landscape and then used transparency techniques to paint the veil atop it.</span></b></li>
<li><b><span style="color: #741b47; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">A change in the position of the left index and middle finger.</span></b></li>
<li><b><span style="color: #741b47; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The elbow was repaired from damage due to a rock thrown at the painting in 1956.</span></b></li>
<li><b><span style="color: #741b47; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The blanket covering Mona Lisa's knees also covers her stomach.</span></b></li>
<li><b><span style="color: #741b47; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The left finger was not completely finished.</span></b></li>
<li><b><span style="color: #741b47; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">A blotch mark on the corner of the eye and chin are varnish accidents, countering claims that Mona Lisa was sick.</span></b></li>
<li><b><span style="color: #741b47; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">And the Mona Lisa was painted on uncut poplar board, contrary to speculations.</span></b></li>
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<b><span style="color: #741b47; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In the larger picture, Cotte said when he stands back and looks up at the enlarged infrared image of Mona Lisa, her beauty and mystique are apparent.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #741b47; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">"If you are in front of this huge enlargement of Mona Lisa, you understand instantly why Mona Lisa is so famous," Cotte said. He added, it's something you have to see with your own eyes</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #741b47; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">presented by</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #741b47; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">aravindan</span></b></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03239339556333372137noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3233320805945685766.post-13723771831374704212012-11-06T09:35:00.005+05:302012-11-06T09:35:50.400+05:30<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;">Nibiru The 12th planet to crash Earth</span></b></div>
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<b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;">soon</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>On the picture below we have Sumerian 4500 year old tablet detailing our solar system.</b></span></div>
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<img alt="sumerian-4500-year-old-tablet-detailing-solar-system" height="188" src="http://www.hidden-truth.org/images/Articles%20pics/sumerian-4500-year-old-tablet-detailing-solar-system.jpg" style="border: 0px; float: left; margin: 0px 10px 10px;" title="sumerian-4500-year-old-tablet-detailing-solar-system" width="300" /><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Nibiru (also transliterated Neberu, Nebiru) is a term in the Akkadian language, translating to "crossing" or "point of transition", especially of rivers, i.e. river crossings or ferry-boats. In Babylonian astronomy, nibiru (in cuneiform spelled né-bé-ru or ni-bi-rum) is a term of the highest point of the ecliptic, i.e. the point of summer solstice, and its associated constellation.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>The idea of the Planet X collision originated with Nancy Lieder, a Wisconsin woman who claims that as a girl she was contacted by gray extraterrestrials called Zetas, who implanted a communications device in her brain.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Lieder drew the name Planet X from the hypothetical planet once searched for by astronomers to account for discrepancies in the orbits of Uranus and Neptune. In 1894, Bostonian astronomer Percival Lowell became convinced that the planets Uranus and Neptune had slight discrepancies in their orbits. He concluded that they must be being tugged by the gravity of another, more distant planet, which he called "Planet X". However, nearly a century of searching failed to turn up any evidence for such an object (Pluto was initially believed to be Planet X, but was later determined to be too small). In 1992, astronomer Myles Standish showed that the supposed discrepancies in the planets' orbits were illusory; the product of an overestimation of the mass of Neptune. Today astronomers accept that Planet X does not exist.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Astronomers point out that such an object so close to Earth would be easily visible to the naked eye (Jupiter and Saturn are both visible to the naked eye, and are dimmer than Nibiru would be at their distances), and would be creating noticeable effects in the orbits of the outer planets. Some counter this by claiming that the object has been hiding behind the Sun for several years, though such a claim is geometrically impossible. Images of Nibiru near the Sun taken by amateurs are usually of lens flares, false images of the Sun created by reflections within the lens.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>The impact of the public fear of the Planet X collision has been especially felt by professional astronomers. David Morrison, a CSI Fellow and Senior Scientist at NASA's Astrobiology Institute at Ames Research Center, says he receives 20–25 emails a week about the impending arrival of Nibiru; some frightened, others angry and naming him as part of the conspiracy to keep the truth of the impending apocalypse from the public. Half of these emails are from outside the US.</b></span></div>
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<tr><td style="padding: 1px;"><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><img alt="Nibiru return" height="211" src="http://www.hidden-truth.org/images/Articles%20pics/nibirureturn.jpg" style="border: 0px; float: left; margin: 0px 10px 10px;" title="Nibiru return" width="314" /></b></span><div style="margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px;">
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Nibiru, to the Babylonians, was the celestial body associated with the god Marduk. The name is Akkadian and means 'crossing place' or 'place of transition'. In most Babylonian texts it is identified with the planet Jupiter. In Tablet 5 of the Enuma ElishThuban or possibly Kochab (Ursa Minor). it may be the pole star, which at the time was Thuban or possibly Kochab (Ursa Minor).</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>The term "Nibiru" comes from the Sumerian cuneiform tablets and writings dating 5,000 years old. The term Nibiru means "Planet of the crossing", and it's cuneiform sign was often a cross, or various winged disc. The Sumerian culture was located in the fertile lands between the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, at the southern part of today's Iraq.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><img alt="The meaning of 12th Planet" height="360" src="http://www.hidden-truth.org/images/Articles%20pics/nibiru2.gif" style="border: 0px; float: left; margin: 0px 10px 10px;" title="The meaning of 12th Planet" width="480" /></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Some authors believe that the observations of ancient astronomers provide proof that Nibiru is an actual planet or brown dwarf in our solar system. These claims are for the most part dismissed as fringe science or pseudoscience by the mainstream scientific communities of archaeology and astronomy. Sitchin says some sources speak about the same planet, possibly being a brown dwarf star and still in a highly elliptic orbit around the Sun, with a perihelion passage some 3,600 years ago and assumed orbital period of about 3,600 to 3,760 years or 3,741 years.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Some facts</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>1. Nibiru was first spotted in space on December 30, 1983.<br />2. Nostradamus, a French scientist and astronomer, that lived more than 4 centuries ago predicted that this event would occur just like he predicted World War 1, the conflict between Iraq and the U.S.A., the 9/11 attacks. All of these were predicted correctly. It is hard to believe that he has predicted so many things correctly and that he would get the prediction wrong. <br />3. Mayans have been one of the greatest astronomers of all time, creating the first accurate calendar and making star charts. The Mayan Long Calendar has shown that the last day is December 21, 2012, the day that scientists believe that Nibiru's effect will affect earth. The worst will come on Valentine's Day, 2013. Nibiru will stop affecting us on July 1, 2014.<br />4. Hurricanes and winds will be up to 350 mph. Tsunamis can reach 3 miles high. <br />This is no joke. Nibiru is on it's way, Under, here is a map of Nibiru's orbit path.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><br /><img alt="Nibiru's orbit" border="0" height="266" src="http://www.hidden-truth.org/images/Articles%20pics/Nibiru%27s%20Orbit.jpg" style="border: 0px;" title="Nibiru's orbit" width="400" /></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>As you can see, Planet X's orbit extends all the way out, which explains why we may have not been able to discover it before since it is so far our.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><img alt="Nibiru's path" border="0" height="400" src="http://www.hidden-truth.org/images/Articles%20pics/Nibiru%27s%20Path.jpg" style="border: 0px;" title="Nibiru's path" width="293" /></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Here's what we have come to understand as of Spring, 2008.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Nibiru is a large planet on an elliptical orbit that crosses the orbit of our planets. (See Diagram above)</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Like that of great comments that keep coming back over a very long span of time, so does Nibiru.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Nibiru and it's implications are a part of historical records, and folklore in countless civilizations, worldwide.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Records seem to indicate that Nibiru comes through our inner solar system about every thirty-six hundred years.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Because of Nibiru's massive size, it's strong gravitational pull will soon be effecting the Earth in a very big way.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Effects will range from horrific Earth quakes, super volcanic activity, and sustained 200+ MPH winds world-wide.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>At Nibiru's closest passage to Earth, a quick pole shift will take place, causing the oceans to rush over the continents.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>In the after math, volcanic ash will encompass the globe, thrusting the world into a prolonged winter.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Until enough ash settles, it's estimated that crops will fail world-wide for at least two growing seasons.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Those who did not prepare will either die from severe weather changes, quakes, flood, fire or starvation.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Those who managed to live, will be faced with the aftermath of just trying to survive for the first 24 months.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>All that we once relied on such as utilities, medical, financial, oil, housing, police, etc. will mostly be destroyed.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Recovery time will be measured in hundreds of years; potentially thousands.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Note: Washington Post article reported on findings for Planet-X</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Note: New York Times article reported on findings for Planet-X<br /></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>This "potential" pending event is so big, that there is no way that such a secret can be kept much longer if in fact it turns out to be true after all.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Trouble is, by the time we learn all about this through normal channels, you and most others will be out of time to properly prepare. Gathering food for long term storage and building supplies will be next to impossible to acquire easily, do to the onset of global pandemonium, hording of food, and the introduction of international martial law that would follow. That is... if Nibiru is real after all.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Building materials, let alone heavy construction equipment will be next to impossible to obtain.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>The old methods of survival will not work in this case, as there are elements to this "possible" coming global change that you must factor in when looking to find the right shelter. Factors that will be to late to adjust for, should things start to go down hill.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>II </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>The early people named Planet X as Nibiru in Sumerian, and Marduk in Babylonian. It has been said that the ancient Mesopotamians believed that Nibiru was the twelfth planet in our solar system and that it was "heaven" where their gods resided and came from.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Nibirians, the people of Nibiru, are often referred to as Anunnaki, Nephilim, Elohim (plural for god), and Mardukians. I shall refer to them as Anunnaki as this is what the general population was known as by the Sumerians and by those at the present time. The word "Anunnaki" literally means "those who came from heaven to earth". In the Old Testament these "heavenly" visitors are called "Anakim".</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Nibiru was populated by a reptilian super race and governed by elite aristocracy known as the "Nefilim" in Hebrew, which means "they who have come down from the heavens to earth". The Anunnaki were one of the many technologically advanced alien races at the time. In fact, their civilization was advanced far beyond most others of their time. The Anunnaki called their home star (sun) "ZAOS".</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><img alt="Nibiru and Earth" height="256" src="http://www.hidden-truth.org/images/Articles%20pics/nibiru_and_the_anunnaki2.jpg" style="border: 0px; float: left; margin: 0px 10px 10px;" title="Nibiru and Earth" width="372" />The Anunnaki are a belligerent and conquering race. They are fierce, evil, lustful, incestuous, bloodthirsty, deceitful, jealous and domineering. They are also carnivorous and are often cannibalistic. They also demand human sacrifices of virgins from those they conquer and from their own kind whom they enslave.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>If you imagine the worst characteristics you can conceive in Satan, you have well concocted an impression of the Anunnaki. They specialize in mind control. They also nearly perfected economic control with the development of money and the usury system. They have conducted extensive genetic engineering and have genetically engineered among other things, a super reptilian race which the Anunnaki called the "Ducaz".</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>The Ducaz are used for conquering and controlling the Nibirian population and those of other conquered races. Thus, the Ducaz are Reptilians. There are different types of Reptilians amongst them. Their masters, the Anunnaki Elite, are not the Ducaz. Like anything associated with the Anunnaki, there is a rigid, inequitable and regimented class structure amongst the Ducaz.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b> The Reptilians, or Ducaz were sent by their "masters", the Nephilim or Elohim to fight in wars <img alt="Anunnaki - the Reptilian Race" height="296" src="http://www.hidden-truth.org/images/Articles%20pics/nibiru_and_the_anunnaki3.jpg" style="border: 0px; float: left; margin: 0px 10px 10px;" title="Anunnaki - the Reptilian Race" width="474" />with other alien races and to serve as their spies, bodyguards and police force. There are many factions amongst the Anunnaki. One of the most bitter enemies of the Ducaz call themselves the "Pers-sires", a group of aliens for which I coined the word "Vulturites" many years ago. They are called Vulturites not because they look like vultures, as some have claimed. In fact, they don’t look like that at all! There are very apt reasons why I have called them Vulturites which I will not go into in this discussion.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Ironically, the Pers-sires are just a different faction of the Anunnaki race. However, the Ducaz (Reptilians) and the Pers-sires (Vulturites) have always been bitter enemies even to this day. The descendents of these two groups are now on Earth vying for supremacy of the world. Many of these are currently in political, financial, scientific, religious, legal, medical (especially in blood banks), entertainment, military, agrarian or commercial positions, and also in the sex industry. Most of these aliens are not consciously aware of their alien origins.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>The Anunnaki are flesh-and-blood, biological beings with abounding pride, arrogance, uncontrollable urges for adult and child sex partners (whether they be willing or forced participants), and they have a great appetite for conquest and control. This warlike race has an insatiable thirst for control of other beings and dominion over other races, and the less privileged classes of the Anunnaki. The Anunnaki developed and imposed complex, oppressive cast and gender systems. They are misogynists. That was why they eliminated the worship of the Divine Mother of the early people on Earth whom they conquered when they arrived. There was so much resistance to the elimination of the worship of the Divine Mother that the Anunnaki set up replacement "mothers" for various cultures such as the ‘earth mother’, ‘mother nature’ and thereafter further corrupted the Divine Mother’s image by falsely attributing Her with lustful, vengeful and jealous qualities. The interpretation of Kali is one of those false attributes.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Due to a great collision, the Earth and the planets and moons of our solar system were severely affected. Nibiru too suffered great damage as a result of this celestial collision. This caused the Anunnaki to come to Earth in search of a permanent home. They did not come to search for physical gold, as Sitchin hypothesizes. Oddly, gold is not a native mineral to Earth, so the Anunnaki would not be expecting it on Earth. Nor did they come to Earth to mine for gold to make a shield to protect their ailing atmospheric conditions on Nibiru (If they did, they did not succeed in saving their planet, because their planet was destroyed). What appears in space is really the shadow of Nibiru, many light years away. However, the Anunnaki were delighted to find gold on earth because they used it for ornamentation. They also imported many slaves to mine the gold, and they used many of the Anunnaki lower classes to do the same.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Since their home, Nibiru, was destroyed, the Anunnaki Elite and their cadre of attendants were forced to become transient, with the majority of them living in a huge spacecraft (like a city) that orbited the Earth. By then, the other Anunnaki races were already placed in different worlds that they had conquered, including Earth, Mars, and the rest of our solar system. They were also interspersed throughout the Orion and the Pleiades systems. Thus it can be seen that the Anunnaki are extraordinarily powerful and they were feared by many. The Anunnaki Elite and those who were permitted to travel moved from the orbiting spacecraft in smaller shuttlecrafts to visit Earth below. They also sent freighter class crafts to Earth for commercial and military purposes. Inter-planetary slave trade was prevalent and lucrative. It is no wonder that the ancient people feared their gods who they claimed lived in the sky.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>III</b></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03239339556333372137noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3233320805945685766.post-24251284984937613172012-11-01T19:27:00.004+05:302012-11-01T19:27:36.406+05:30<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>India’s National Library : secret room </b></span><br />
<span style="color: orange; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>big indian secret</b></span><br />
<img height="196" 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" 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<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Restorers working on the 18th century Belvedere House in Kolkata, home to the National Library of India , have found a large hidden room they had no idea was there. By found I mean they discovered that it existed, not that they’ve actually gone inside because there is no visible means of entrance or egress.</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>The house has suffered from neglect over the decades. Last year, all 2.2 million books were moved out of the old building into a new structure on the 30-acre estate so that the Belvedere House could be thoroughly restored.</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>The ministry of culture that owns the National Library decided to get the magnificent building restored by the Archaeological Survey of India since it is heavily damaged. Work has already started. It was while taking stock of the interior and exterior of the building that ASI [Archaeological Survey of India] conservation engineers stumbled upon a blind enclosure’ on the ground floor, about 1000 square feet in size.</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>A lot of effort has been made to locate an opening so that experts can find out exactly what it was built for or what it contains. But there is not a single crack to show.</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>“We’ve searched every inch of the first floor area that forms the ceiling of this enclosure for a possible trap door. But found nothing. Restoration of the building will remain incomplete if we are not able to assess what lies inside this enclosure,” said deputy superintending archaeologist of ASI, Tapan Bhattacharya. “We’ve come across an arch on one side of the enclosure that had been walled up. Naturally speculations are rife,” said another archaeologist.</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Among the speculations are the classics: skeletons and hoarded treasure. Apparently prisoners were known to have been walled up and left to die in death chambers during the Raj, and secret treasure rooms aren’t unheard of either. Since the ASI can’t just go knocking down walls in 250-year-old historic buildings, they have to find a way to peek inside without damaging the structure. They’ve applied to the ministry of culture for permission to drill a small hole in the walled up arch through which they can shine a searchlight.</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Belvedere House was built by Mir Jafar, the eighth Nawab of Bengal, in the 1760s and shortly thereafter he gave it to Lord Warren Hastings, the first Governor-General of India. It passed through various hands, private and public. Then in 1953, 3 years after Independence, the Imperial Library was renamed the National Library and the collection moved to Belvedere House.</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>It has long been rumored to be haunted, with lights mysteriously turning on in the ballroom and ghostly carriages seen driving up to the entrance. Certainly it has seen its fair share of intrigue. Hastings had a duel on the grounds with supreme council of Bengal member Sir Philip Francis in 1780. (Hastings had called him “void of truth and honor” in his private dealings, most likely referring to a number of affairs with ladies possibly including one Baroness Inhoff, a guest of Hastings’ at Belvedere House.)</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: purple; font-size: small;"> a short history </span><span style="color: purple; font-size: small; line-height: 1.3em;">National Library</span></h1>
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<b><span style="color: purple;">The National Library of India at Belvedere, Calcutta is the second largest library in India after the Anna Centenary Library in Chennai and India's library of public record.<br />It is under the Department of Culture, Ministry of Tourism & Culture, Government of India. The library is designated to collect, disseminate and preserve the printed material produced in India. The library is situated on the scenic 30 acre (120,000 m²) Belvedere Estate, in Kolkata, formerly Calcutta City. The Library is the largest in India, with a collection in excess of 2.2 million books. Before independence, it was the official residence of Lt. Governor of Bengal.<br />The Calcutta Public Library<br />The history of the National Library began with the formation of Calcutta Public Library in 1836.<br />That was a non-governmental institution and was run on a proprietary basis. People contributing Rs. 300/- in subscription became the proprietors. Prince Dwarkanath Tagore was the first proprietor of that Library. Rs. 300/- at that time was a significant amount, so poor students and others were allowed free use the library for some period of time.<br />Lord Metcalfe, the Governor General at that time, transferred 4,675 volumes from the library of the College of Fort William, Kolkata to the Calcutta Public Library. This and donations of books from individuals formed the nucleus of the library.<br />Both Indian and foreign books, especially British, were purchased for the library. Donations were regularly made by individuals as well as by the government.<br />The Calcutta Public Library had a unique position as the first public library in this part of the world. Such a well-organized and efficiently run library was rare even in Europe during the first half of the 19th century.<br />Because of the efforts of the Calcutta Public Library, the present National Library has many extremely rare books and journals in its collection.<br />[edit]The Imperial Library<br />The Imperial Library was formed in 1891 by combining a number of Secretariat libraries in Calcutta. Of those, the most important and interesting was the library of the Home Department, which contained many books formerly belonging to the library of East India College, Fort William and the library of the East India Board in London. But the use of the library was restricted to the superior officers of the Government.<br />[edit]Amalgamation of CPL and Imperial Library<br />In 1903, Lord Curzon of Kedleston, the Governor General of India, conceived the idea of opening a library for the use of the public.<br />He noticed both the libraries—Imperial Library and Calcutta Public Library—were under-utilized for the want of facilities or restrictions. He decided to amalgamate the rich collection of both of these libraries.<br />The new amalgamated library, called Imperial Library, was formally opened to the public on January 30, 1903 at Metcalfe Hall, Kolkata. Metcalfe Hall had earlier been the home of the Governor-General; Wellington, Cornwallis and Warren Hastings had lived in the building, and the last-named had fought a duel with a member of his governing committee on its grounds.<br />The Gazette of london reported, "It is intended that it should be a library of reference, a working place for students and a repository of material for the future historians of India, in which, so far as possible, every work written about India, at any time, can be seen and read."<br />[edit]Declaring the Imperial Library as the National Library<br />After the independence the Government of India changed the name of the Imperial Library as the National Library, and the collection was shifted from The Esplanade to the present Belvedere Estate. On February 1, 1953 the National Library was opened to the public.<br />[edit]Discovery of hidden chamber<br />In 2010, the Ministry of Culture, the owner of the library, decided to get the library building restored by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). While taking stock of the library building, the conservation engineers discovered a previously unknown room. The ground-floor room, about 1000 sq. ft. in size, seems to have no opening of any kind.[1]<br />The ASI archaeologists tried to search the first floor area (that forms the ceiling of the room) for a trap door, but found nothing. Since the building is of historical and cultural importance, ASI has decided to bore a hole through the wall instead of breaking it. There are speculations about the room being a punishment room used by Warren Hastings and other British officials, or a place to store treasure.[1]<br />[edit]Visiting</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: purple;">The National Library is located at the Belvedere Road in Alipore, Calcutta. It is open during 9 am–8 pm on all working days and 9.30 am–6.00 pm on Saturdays, Sundays and Government of India holidays.<br />Access to the National Library main reading room (Bhasha Bhavan) is strictly controlled. The visitors need to have an approved Reader's pass to reading hall. For that they need to fill in an application form (available on the National Library website) and get it attested by a Government Gazetted officer. The reader's passes are issued only between 11:00-13:00 and 15:00-16:00, Monday to Friday, excluding a string of National and State holidays.<br />[edit]Library statistics</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: purple;">Over 2,270,000 books<br />Over 86,000 maps<br />Over 3,200 manuscripts<br />Over 45 kilometers of shelf space<br />Reading rooms can accommodate over 550 people</span></b></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03239339556333372137noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3233320805945685766.post-81071203142406987492012-11-01T19:06:00.003+05:302012-11-01T19:06:52.641+05:30<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;">Invasion of Pakistan UK stoped India in </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;">1948</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;">untold story</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: purple;"><b>The post-war diaries of Guy Liddell, who was deputy director general of MI5, reveal that the UK in January 1948 was worried that India would invade Pakistan to stop Pakistani infiltration into Kashmir. Liddell reveals that Lord Mountbatten, the then governor-general of independent India, had suggested that British Prime Minister Clement Atlee fly to India to personally speak to Nehru warning against any invasion of Pakistan.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: purple;"><b>“This, for various reason, was not considered desirable,” Liddell wrote, adding that the UK thought that Nehru militarily in a very weak position.<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />The Nizam of Hyderabad, Mir Osman Ali Khan, who in 1937 was described as the richest man in the world by Time magazine, was in January 1948 looking for ways to get his wealth out of newly-independent India as he was sure his reign would end shortly. The Indian government annexed the state in September 1948.<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />The wealth of the Nizam amounted to £400,000,000 in bullion and jewels, so the main problem was how to smuggle it out, Liddell recounts. The incident is recounted as part of information about the Nizam’s attempt to import arms from the UK on behalf of Pakistan. There is also a mention of an attempt by the Nizam to buy aircraft, which, however, “crashed on their way”.<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />It was suggested that the Nizam buy the Portuguese colony of Goa, which was annexed to India only in 1961, to transfer his wealth out of India.<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />“One suggestion, of which I did not entirely see the point, is that he should buy up the port of Goa from the Portuguese and ship from there. If he were to attempt to get his stuff out by air, he might be in trouble when he had to come down to refuel,” Liddell writes in his dairy which was part of the National Archives’ newly-released records.<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />The UK government seems to have blamed the politicians and the media in India and Pakistan for growing antagonism.<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />“In spite of the situation in Kashmir, relations between Army officers in Hindustan and Pakistan, and also between civil servants, appears to be reasonably good.”.</b></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03239339556333372137noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3233320805945685766.post-44456265789612215892012-10-28T01:57:00.003+05:302012-10-28T01:57:59.563+05:30<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;">A WALK INSIDE SEA TO PRAY LORD SHIVA</span></h1>
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<span style="color: purple; font-size: small;">nature has got its own secret</span></h1>
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<span style="color: orange; font-size: large;">A Temple to Shiva in The Middle of The Sea</span></h1>
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">At Koliyak, a village at the Bhavnagar district in the Gujarat state of India, people reach out to the Shiva temple about 1.5 kilometers into the sea. In this historic place, Pandavas, the heroic brothers worshipped the lingas that are symbolic of Lord Shiva after the fierce battle in which they killed their evil cousins as narrated in the epic Mahabharat.</span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Think of a temple in the weirdest of places. Under the sea. But then, the Hindus have built their temples <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD4" style="background-attachment: scroll !important; background-image: none !important; background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat !important; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 109, 173) !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; cursor: pointer !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; padding: 0px 0px 1px !important; position: static; text-decoration: underline !important;">over the hills</span> and mountains, inside the caves, at the sea shore, near the water falls…where ever nature reveals itself in all its grandeur and pristine beauty. The temple I am talking about is Nishkalank Mahadev’s temple (Nishkalank – blemish-less or sinless; Mahadev – Lord Shiva), and it is under water during high tides in the sea and emerges during low tides to reveal itself majestically, promising its devotees to wash away all sins. As it did for the Pandavas in the epic Mahabharata, when they wanted to atone for the sin of killing their brethren, even though they were all evil incarnated.</span></b></div>
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<a href="http://s3.amazonaws.com/readers/2010/07/30/cm-capture-1_1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="184" src="http://s3.amazonaws.com/readers/2010/07/30/cm-capture-1_1.jpg" style="cursor: move; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="320" /></a><b><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="" height="212" src="http://s3.amazonaws.com/readers/2010/07/30/nishkalank-mahadev-temple_1.jpg" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="320" /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>Nishkalank Mahadev temple</i>; Source: <a href="http://www.panoramio.com/photo/10052039" style="text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" wrc_done="true">Panoramio</a> </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><iframe frameborder="0" height="250" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="http://ib.adnxs.com/if?enc=qpUJv9TPtz9AGT59X7e0PwAAAEAzM8M_QBk-fV-3tD-rlQm_1M-3P1iDQeHa-Lh9Xn84Z-2l3n2-P4xQAAAAAA5kCwDWAwAATgQAAAIAAAC5LjQAl0ECAAAAAABVU0QAVVNEACwB-gDDUAAAplAAAgUCAQUAAIIAoiXN_wAAAAA.&cnd=%21yyEQ2gja9SUQud3QARgAIJeDCTABOMOhBUAASM4IUI7ILVgAYLYFaABwAHgAgAEAiAEAkAEBmAEBoAECqAEDsAEAuQEAAAAAAAAUQMEBaVAxF87Ptz_JATPsRRb6JwJA2QFxPQrXo-BKQOAB2sMB&udj=uf%28%27a%27%2C+49252%2C+1351368638%29%3Buf%28%27r%27%2C+3419833%2C+1351368638%29%3B&ccd=%21zwXANgja9SUQud3QARiXgwkgAA..&vpid=123&referrer=http%3A%2F%2Ftrifter.com%2Fasia-pacific%2Findia%2Fa-temple-to-shiva-in-the-middle-of-the-sea%2F&media_subtypes=1&dlo=1" target="_blank" width="300"></iframe><img height="1" src="https://www.facebook.com/fr/u.php?p=391363987594223&m=9069869138628345694" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="1" /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><i><span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD6" style="background-attachment: scroll !important; background-image: none !important; background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat !important; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 109, 173) !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; cursor: pointer !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; padding: 0px 0px 1px !important; position: static; text-decoration: underline !important;">Another view</span> of the tem</i></span></b><b><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>e</i>The temple is located in the </span></b><b><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Bhavnagar <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD5" style="background-attachment: scroll !important; background-image: none !important; background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat !important; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 109, 173) !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; cursor: pointer !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; padding: 0px 0px 1px !important; position: static; text-decoration: underline !important;">district</span> of Gujarat state in India. From the beach along the Arabian Sea, you’d have to traverse 1.5 km into the interior. There are the five Shiva lingas that the five Pandava brothers worshipped, along with Shiva’s vehicle Nandi, or the Bull. Many people come here to dissolve ashes of their departed kith and kin. The day after the New Moon day, the sea recedes to the maximum, and hundreds of people including children walk the distance and worship the idols. The New Moon day that comes in August and corresponds to the Hindu calendar month of Bhadra is of special importance, and people throng here in large numbers.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span id="goog_1360325404"></span><img alt="" height="238" src="http://s3.amazonaws.com/readers/2010/07/30/high-and-low-tides_1.jpg" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="320" /><span id="goog_1360325405"></span></span></b></div>
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<i><b><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The scene before and during the low tide</span></b></i></div>
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<b><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The people have to wait sometimes for the sea to recede, a time they spend in singing <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD2" style="background-attachment: scroll !important; background-image: none !important; background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat !important; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 109, 173) !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; cursor: pointer !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; padding: 0px 0px 1px !important; position: static; text-decoration: underline !important;">devotional songs</span> or relaxing in wooden ‘charpoys’ or bedsteads.</span></b></div>
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<a href="http://s3.amazonaws.com/readers/2010/07/30/people-walking-towards-temple_1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="238" src="http://s3.amazonaws.com/readers/2010/07/30/people-walking-towards-temple_1.jpg" style="margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="320" /></a><b><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="" height="238" src="http://s3.amazonaws.com/readers/2010/07/30/bhajan-on-the-sea-shore_1.jpg" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="320" /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Once the sea starts receding, the trek begins.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Once they reach the large rampart square, they wash their feet in a small pond called Pandava pond, and proceed to the main shrine.</span></b></div>
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<a href="http://s3.amazonaws.com/readers/2010/07/30/close-up-of-temple_1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="238" src="http://s3.amazonaws.com/readers/2010/07/30/close-up-of-temple_1.jpg" style="margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="320" /></a><b><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="" height="238" src="http://s3.amazonaws.com/readers/2010/07/30/pandavas-pond_1.jpg" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="320" /></span></b></div>
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<i><b><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The Pandava pond</span></b></i></div>
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<i><b><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The worship</span></b></i></div>
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<b><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">This temple can be reached between 9.00 am to 12.00 pm on the day next to the new <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD7" style="background-attachment: scroll !important; background-image: none !important; background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat !important; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 109, 173) !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; cursor: pointer !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; padding: 0px 0px 1px !important; position: static; text-decoration: underline !important;">moon night</span>. The visitors should leave the place before the sea begins to <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD1" style="background-attachment: scroll !important; background-image: none !important; background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat !important; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 109, 173) !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; cursor: pointer !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; padding: 0px 0px 1px !important; position: static; text-decoration: underline !important;">rise again</span>.</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Travel Tips</span></h4>
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<b><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Koliyak is located around 30 kms from Bhavnagar and there are local transportation available to temple from Bhavnagar railway station.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">You can visit the temple on all the days, though you will have to wait for the sea to recede and it becomes accessible for a few hours only. <u>High and low tide occur every day </u>, and the times and amplitude of the tides at the coast are influenced by the alignment of the Sun and Moon and by the shape of the coastline. During full moon and new moon when the earth, sun and the moon are in line, both the high and the low tides are at their maximum levels. That is why it is advisable to visit the temple during these times. The sea recession is maximum during August-September.</span></b></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03239339556333372137noreply@blogger.com12tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3233320805945685766.post-9974930802535718002012-10-21T21:52:00.004+05:302012-10-23T08:55:16.284+05:30<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 33.266666412353516px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; color: orange; font-size: x-large;">Interesting inventions</span></b></div>
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<b style="background-color: white; color: #231f20; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 21px; line-height: 33.266666412353516px; text-align: left;">10 recent inventions, none of which is likely to get much attention this week. But that doesn’t make them any less inspired.</b></div>
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<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #38761d;">1) All we are saying, is give bats a chance: </span></strong></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;"><b><img alt="inventions iPhone 5" class="size-full wp-image-3740" height="204" src="http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/ideas/files/2012/09/Wind-power-turbines-large.jpg" style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;" width="320" />One of the raps on wind turbines is that they kill thousands of birds and bats every year. But an 89-year-old retired engineer in California named Raymond Green has taken it upon himself to create a device that may lead to a solution. His invention, which he calls “Catching Wind Power,” is basically a large drum in which all the movable parts, including the killer blades, are contained. That would make them considerably less dangerous for flying creatures, and also, Green claims, quieter than what’s out there now.</b></span></div>
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<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #38761d;">2) Forgetting something?:</span></strong></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;"><b><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><img src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT_ERLNomM3FUyNO1xIacNEycNYMVQZqrBq5M487j4ZB9VcIgH9GA" style="background-color: transparent;" /> </span> hospitals are a bacterial war zone where one of the key weapons of the good guys is frequent hand-washing. But research suggests that health care workers wash their hands half as often as they should. Now an Israeli company named Hyginex is producing wristbands that wirelessly remind those wearing them that to scrub down. Sensors in soap dispensers track the movements of doctors and nurses, and if they approach a patient without washing their hands, their wristbands light up and vibrate.</b></span></div>
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<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #38761d;">3) The roads less traveled: </span></strong></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;"><b><img src="https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTxbnnz0xYgUHq6y_KXOEVIUZOzvYk70Bmr5KjOQ3ZhxRZv9W6ZGQ" style="background-color: transparent;" />Yes, there are apps out there that alert you to backups and accidents, but a group of German students has ratcheted traffic apps up a notch. Their Greenway app, now being tested by drivers in Munich, uses algorithms to predict where and how traffic will flow and gives its users directions to “traffic-optimized” routes. It also closely monitors the alternate routes and scales back its recommendations if they’re getting crowded. Greenway’s creators claim their directions, on average, get drivers to their destinations twice as fast as on their usual routes.</b></span></div>
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<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #38761d;">4) Say good-bye to helmet hair:</span></strong></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;"><b><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><img src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQf60I0gaWKSHX20UJURDm2zqJ64WXET3aXFzHP9v-I7XEK-BVL" style="background-color: transparent;" /></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;"><b>It’s still Fashion Week in New York, so allow me to introduce the Hovding bike helmet. It’s the brainstorm of two Swedish women who have managed to do the seemingly impossible–merge fashion and bike safety. Their helmet actually looks like a collar, but if it senses impact, it inflates like an airbag around the rider’s head.<img src="https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTu7prhZPPgDX4eAp0Yzx0IWu0rcQiUlSXVCsPRsby3sZJWK4mH" style="background-color: transparent;" /></b></span></div>
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<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #38761d;">5) Go ahead, walk all over me:</span></strong></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;"><b><span style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><img src="https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcR-41mkB7PU7z_LLCE1YZpjch9h3LTLb4RHPGn-FA1IMKoADNmTVA" style="background-color: transparent;" /> </span><span style="line-height: 1.6em;">Scientists at the University of Manchester in the UK have developed </span>a smart carpet.<span style="line-height: 1.6em;"> That’s right, a smart carpet. The rug’s backing contains optical fibers that distort when they’re stepped on and send a signal to a computer. That’s impressive, but to what end? First, it can, in the case of elderly person, determine if someone has fallen. It can also serve as an intruder alert if it detects unfamiliar footsteps near a window. Its inventors think it even has potential as a physical therapy aid able to predict mobility problems if it notices changes in a person’s walk.</span></b></span></div>
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<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #38761d;">6) Got juice?: </span></strong></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;"><b><img height="188" src="http://www.cargogear.com/catimages/blcuppwstnCAT.jpg" style="background-color: transparent;" width="200" />If you drive a lot and need to keep your iPad charged, do I have a gadget for you. It’s a device that turns your standard car cup holder into a charging station, allowing you to juice up your tablet and your smartphone at the same time.</b></span></div>
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<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #38761d;">7) You’ve been drinking. I can see it in your nose:</span></strong></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;"><b><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><img height="200" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2012/09/06/article-2199250-14DE4EC4000005DC-171_312x340.jpg" style="background-color: transparent;" width="183" /> </span>Two Greek computer scientists say that by using algorithms and thermal imaging, they’ve devised a way to spot inebriated people in public.Their method, in which they combine an infrared image with algorithms related to what happens to blood vessels in a person’s nose when they have too much to drink, would allow police to identify a drunk on more info than that they’re acting like one.</b></span></div>
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<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #38761d;">8) Flashlights are so over: </span></strong></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;"><b><img height="200" src="http://cdn.coolest-gadgets.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/illuminating-belt.jpg" style="background-color: transparent;" width="200" />You can have the biggest, shiniest belt buckle ever and it won’t help you much on a walk in the dark. But the Walker’s Path Illuminating Belt is custom-made for such occasions. It’s a hands-free LED safety light that wraps around your waist and can be adjusted to serve as either a wide-angle floodlight or a narrowly-focused spotlight.</b></span></div>
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<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #38761d;">9) Why shouldn’t bikes have growth spurts?:</span></strong></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;"><b><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><img height="320" src="http://bicycledesign.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/orbea-grow-bicycle.jpg" style="background-color: transparent;" width="244" /> </span>It’s one thing for your kids to grow out of their clothes and shoes, but you move into a whole other price range when they keep getting too big for their bikes. The Spanish bicycle designer Orbea has taken on the challenge, creating a bike that grows with a kid, appropriately called the Grow bike. The crossbar, stem and seats all can be lengthened, and since other components also are designed to last longer, Grow bikes, says Orbea, need to be replaced every five to seven years instead of every two to three.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">10) Video bonus: Sugar kills</strong><strong style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">:</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;"><b><span style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span id="goog_513716753"></span><img height="166" src="http://www.ohgizmo.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/bugasalt-exterminating-4359-500x416.jpg" style="background-color: transparent;" width="200" /><span id="goog_513716754"></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><b>As much practice as we get, most of us just aren’t very good at knocking flies out of the air. But soon BugASalt could change all that–when flies comes buzzin’, it’s just the weapon for the job. It’s a toy gun that acts like a shotgun firing just enough salt to bring down a fly</b></span></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03239339556333372137noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3233320805945685766.post-59990043725405523212012-10-21T20:29:00.003+05:302012-10-21T20:35:16.451+05:30<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<img alt="" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-5215" height="0" src="http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/paleofuture/files/2012/10/1956-march-sexology-470x251.jpg" style="border: none; display: block; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; text-align: center;" title="1956 march sexology 470x251" width="0" /></div>
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<b><b><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;">sex in space interesting fact</span></b></b></div>
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<img height="200" src="http://us11.memecdn.com/Sex-in-Space_o_122871.jpg" style="font-size: 1.3em; line-height: 1.6em; text-align: center;" width="195" /><br />
<span style="color: #38761d; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>In September of 1992 astronauts Jan Davis and Mark Lee became the first married couple to leave the planet together. But NASA didn’t originally plan on it happening that way.</b></span><br />
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<img alt="" class="size-full wp-image-5206" height="210" src="http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/paleofuture/files/2012/10/1956-march-sexology-sm.jpeg" style="border: 0px none; font-size: 10px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; text-align: center;" title="1956 march sexology sm" width="320" /><br />
<span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11px; font-style: italic; line-height: 17px;">Illustration by L. Sterne Stevens in the March 1956 issue of Sexology magazine (source: Novak Archive)</span><br />
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<span style="color: #38761d; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>NASA had an unwritten rule that married astronauts couldn’t be sent into space together. Davis and Lee had been assigned to the mission in 1989 but were later married in January 1991. After the agency learned of their marriage, NASA took two months to review the situation and believed that both were too important to the mission (the second flight of Space Shuttle Endeavour) for either of them to be removed. The couple had no children and NASA explained that if they had, they most certainly wouldn’t have flown together.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><img alt="" class="size-medium wp-image-5230" height="141" src="http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/paleofuture/files/2012/10/sex-in-space-300x141.jpg" style="border: 0px none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" title="sex in space" width="300" /></b></span><br />
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<span style="color: #38761d; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>June 26, 1992 Wisconsin State Journal</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Their flight was a minor public relations scandal because of an obvious question that reporters of the time were not shy about asking: would they be having sex in space? The answer from the astronauts and NASA was an unequivocal “no”.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Outside of science fiction, the topic of sex in space has received surprisingly scant attention. But it was science fiction that inspired Dr. Robert S. Richardson to write an article in the March 1956 issue of <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Sexology: The Magazine of Sex Science,</em> wherein he describes his vision of what sexual relations might look like when space travel is a reality. This was a year and a half before the launch of Sputnik, so the Space Age wasn’t even firing on all thrusters yet. But Dr. Richardson opens his article by discussing his frustration with the fact that sex is never addressed in any of the sci-fi shows on TV. Given the reputation of 1950s broadcasting as a sexless environment — where married couples on programs like <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">I Love Lucy</em> had to sleep in separate beds, and wouldn’t even say the word “pregnant” — Richardson’s surprise comes across as a bit disingenuous. Nonetheless, Richardson makes his case for what he believes the future of sex in space might look like.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>From the introduction to the 1956 article:</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Recent announcements by the United States and Soviet Governments that they are planning space satellites and space rockets have stimulated universal interest in the problems of space travel. Space voyages to Mars will take a long time, and settlements on the distant plants will be lonely. While much has been written about the various scientific aspects of space travel, this is the first article which deals with the important medical problem: How will the natural sexual needs of early space travelers be met so as to provide a modicum of mental health for the space pioneers?</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Perhaps unsurprisingly, Dr. Richardson’s views on women in space aren’t the most enlightened. He writes under the assumption that only men will be astronauts and that these men will have certain carnal needs to be met during long missions in space. Many of Richardson’s ideas about space, and especially Mars, clearly come from the <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Collier’s</em> series of articles on space travel from 1952 to 1954. Interestingly, Richardson becomes fixated on Mars throughout the article, ignoring the moon — a place humans wouldn’t even sink their boots until a full 13 years after his article was published.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Richardson compares the establishment of an inevitable Martian base to the experience of military men in remote regions of the Arctic. But unlike relatively short tours in Greenland of a year or less, he acknowledges that a trip to Mars would be an adventure of three years or more.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>But can healthy young men work efficiently and harmoniously for long without women ?</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Reactions to this question vary widely. There are some who think it outrageous that sex should enter into the question at all. Just forget about the women. Keep busy and you won’t need to worry.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Others recognize sex as a disturbing factor, but feel it is not too serious. In the old days, sailors made long voyages without women and still managed to perform their duties and bring the ship into port. They admit there was sexual over-indulgence soon after the sailors got on shore, but that was only to be expected. The remark heard most often is that the men turn to homosexualism and auto-eroticism during extended voyages.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>None of these answers meets the problem squarely. They either side-step the issue or suggest some degrading compromise solution.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Richardson’s solution to the problem of loneliness for astronaut men sailing towards Mars is rather offensive, proposing that women tag along as sex objects with a mission to serve the crew (and take dictation when necessary).</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>In our expedition to Mars, let our healthy young males take along some healthy young females to serve as their sexual partners. (Of course it would also help if they could operate a radio transmitter and take dictation.) These women would accompany them quite openly for this purpose. There would be no secrecy about this. There would be nothing dishonorable about their assignment. They would be women of the kind we ordinarily speak of as “nice girls.”</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>“But then they wouldn’t be nice girls any more!” people will object.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Judged by the arbitrary standards of our present social reference system, they certainly would not. But in our new social reference system they would be nice girls. Or rather, the girls would be the same, but our way of thinking about them would be different.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>It is possible that ultimately the most important result of space travel will be not what we discover upon the planets, but rather the changes that our widening outlook will effect upon our way of thinking. Will men and women bold enough to venture into space feel that they are still bound by often artificial and outmoded conventions of behavior prevalent upon a planet fifty million miles behind them ? May not men and women upon another world develop a social reference system — shocking as judged by us on earth today — but entirely “moral” according to extra-terrestrial standards?</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>This last bit of speculation — of proposing that on other planets people may develop their own set of cultural and moral standards by which to judge sexual activity — would certainly be an interesting discussion to have, if it weren’t predicated on the notion that women would necessarily be secretaries and sex objects acting at the pleasure of the all-male astronaut crew.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>As far as we know, no one has yet had sex in space. But when they inevitably do, I suspect neither party will need to supplement their astronautic duties by taking dictation.</b></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03239339556333372137noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3233320805945685766.post-57158897229896497992012-10-21T19:52:00.002+05:302012-10-21T19:52:18.904+05:30<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<h3 class="post-title entry-title" style="background-color: white; color: #a90000; font-family: verdana, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: -1.5px; margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">Weird Facts about Humans</span></h3>
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<span style="color: orange;"><b>While sitting at your desk make clockwise circles with your right foot. (go ahead no one will see you) While doing this, draw the number “6″ in the air with your right hand.</b></span><br />
<span style="color: orange;"><b>Your foot will change direction – that is a fact. Pretty interesting, huh? Keep on reading..</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: orange;"><b>1. People with higher number of moles tend to live longer than people with lesser number of moles.</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: orange;"><b>3. When filming summer scenes in winter, actors suck on ice cubes just before the camera rolls - it cools their mouths so their breath doesn’t condense in the cold air.</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: orange;"><b>4. Thinking about your muscles can make you stronger.</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: orange;"><b>5. Grapefruit scent will make middle aged women appear six years younger to men. The perception is not reciprocal and the grapefruit scent on men has no effect on women’s perception.</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: orange;"><b>6. The world’s youngest parents were 8 and 9 and lived in China in 1910.</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: orange;"><b>7. The colder the room you sleep in, the better the chances are that you’ll have a bad dream.</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: orange;"><b>8. There are more people alive today than have ever died.</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: orange;"><b>9. Women’s hair is about half the diameter of men’s hair</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: orange;"><b>10. Women blink twice as many times as men do.</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: orange;"><b>11. The average person who stops smoking requires one hour less sleep a night.</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: orange;"><b>12. Laughing lowers levels of stress hormones and strengthens the immune system. Six-year-olds laugh an average of 300 times a day. Adults only laugh 15 to 100 times a day.</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: orange;"><b>13. Intelligent people have more zinc and copper in their hair.</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: orange;"><b>14. The human heart creates enough pressure while pumping to squirt blood 30 feet!</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: orange;"><b>15. The brain operates on the same amount of power as 10-watt light bulb. The cartoon image of a light bulb over your head when a great thought occurs isn’t too far off the mark. Your brain generates as much energy as a small light bulb even when you’re sleeping.</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: orange;"><b>16. The brain is much more active at night than during the day.</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: orange;"><b>17. The brain itself cannot feel pain. While the brain might be the pain center when you cut your finger or burn yourself, the brain itself does not have pain receptors and cannot feel pain.</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: orange;"><b>18. The fastest growing nail is on the middle finger. And the nail on the middle finger of your dominant hand will grow the fastest of all. Why is not entirely known, but nail growth is related to the length of the finger, with the longest fingers growing nails the fastest and shortest the slowest.</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: orange;"><b>19. The lifespan of a human hair is 3 to 7 years on average.</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: orange;"><b>20. Human hair is virtually indestructible. Aside from it’s flammability, human hair decays at such a slow rate that it is practically non-disintegrative. Hair cannot be destroyed by cold, change of climate, water, or other natural forces and it is resistant to many kinds of acids and corrosive chemicals.</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: orange;"><b>21. The acid in your stomach is strong enough to dissolve razorblades. Hydrochloric acid, the type found in your stomach, is not only good at dissolving the pizza you had for dinner but can also eat through many types of metal.</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: orange;"><b>22. The surface area of a human lung is equal to a tennis court.</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: orange;"><b>23. Sneezes regularly exceed 100 mph.</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: orange;"><b>24. Approximately 75% of human waste is made of water.</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: orange;"><b>25. The average person expels flatulence 14 times each day. Even if you’d like to think you’re too dignified to pass gas, the reality is that almost everyone will at least a few times a day.</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: orange;"><b>26. Earwax production is necessary for good ear health. While many people find earwax to be disgusting, it’s actually a very important part of your ear’s defense system. It protects the delicate inner ear from bacteria, fungus, dirt and even insects. It also cleans and lubricates the ear canal.</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: orange;"><b>27. Babies are always born with blue eyes. The melanin in a newborn’s eyes often needs time after birth to be fully deposited or to be darkened by exposure to ultraviolet light, later revealing the baby’s true eye color.</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: orange;"><b>28. Every human spent about half an hour as a single cell.</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: orange;"><b>29. After eating too much, your hearing is less sharp.</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: orange;"><b>30. Women are born better smellers than men and remain better smellers over life.</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: orange;"><b>31. Your nose can remember 50,000 different scents.</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: orange;"><b>32. Nails and hair do not continue to grow after we die. They do appear longer when we die, however, as the skin dehydrates and pulls back from the nail beds and scalp.</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: orange;"><b>33. By the age of 60, most people will have lost about half their taste buds. Perhaps you shouldn’t trust your grandma’s cooking as much as you do.</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: orange;"><b>34. Your eyes are always the same size from birth but your nose and ears never stop growing.</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: orange;"><b>35. By 60 years of age, 60-percent of men and 40-percent of women will snore.</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: orange;"><b>36. Monday is the day of the week when the risk of heart attack is greatest. A ten year study in Scotland found that 20% more people die of heart attacks on Mondays than any other day of the week. Researchers theorize that it’s a combination of too much fun over the weekend with the stress of going back to work that causes the increase.</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: orange;"><b>37. Provided there is water, the average human could survive a month to two months without food depending on their body fat and other factors.</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: orange;"><b>38. Over 90% of diseases are caused or complicated by stress.</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: orange;"><b>39. A human head remains conscious for about 15 to 20 seconds after it is been decapitated. While it might be gross to think about, the blood in the head may be enough to keep someone alive and conscious for a few seconds after the head has been separated from the body, though reports as to the accuracy of this are widely varying.</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: orange;"><b>40. Babies are born with 300 bones, but by adulthood the number is reduced to 206.</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: orange;"><b>41. We are about 1 cm taller in the morning than in the evening.</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: orange;"><b>42. It takes twice as long to lose new muscle if you stop working out than it did to gain it. Lazy people out there shouldn’t use this as motivation to not work out, however. It’s relatively easy to build new muscle tissue and get your muscles in shape, so if anything, this fact should be motivation to get off the couch and get moving.</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: orange;"><b>43. Tears and mucus contain an enzyme (lysozyme) that breaks down the cell wall of many bacteria.</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: orange;"><b>44. It is not possible to tickle yourself. Even the most ticklish among us do not have the ability to tickle ourselves.</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: orange;"><b>45. The width of your armspan stretched out is the length of your whole body. While not exact down to the last millimeter, your armspan is a pretty good estimator of your height.</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: orange;"><b>46. Humans are the only animals to produce emotional tears.</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: orange;"><b>47. Women burn fat more slowly than men, by a rate of about 50 calories a day. Most men have a much easier time burning fat than women. Women, because of their reproductive role, generally require a higher basic body fat proportion than men, and as a result their bodies don’t get rid of excess fat at the same rate as men.</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: orange;"><b>48. Koalas and primates are the only animals with unique fingerprints. Humans, apes and koalas are unique in the animal kingdom due to the tiny prints on the fingers of their hands.</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: orange;"><b>49. One human hair can support 3.5 ounces. That’s about the weight of two full size candy bars, and with hundreds of thousands of hairs on the human head, makes the tale of Rapunzel much more plausible.</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: orange;"><b>50. Cna yuo raed tihs? I cdnuolt blveiee taht I cluod aulaclty uesdnatnrd waht I was rdanieg. The phaonmneal pweor of the hmuan mnid, aoccdrnig to a rscheearch at Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it dseno’t mtaetr in waht oerdr the ltteres in a wrod are, the olny iproamtnt tihng is taht the frsit and lsat ltteer be in the rghit pclae. The rset can be a taotl mses and you can sitll raed it whotuit a pboerlm. Tihs is bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe. Azanmig huh? yaeh and I awlyas tghuhot slpeling was ipmorantt! if you can raed tihs forwrad it</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: orange;"><b>+ 51. It cost 7 million dollars to build the Titanic and 200 million to make a film about it</b></span><br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03239339556333372137noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3233320805945685766.post-28269015529195334412012-10-21T19:41:00.001+05:302012-10-21T19:41:44.660+05:30<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span id="goog_513716721"></span><span id="goog_513716724"></span><img alt="" class="alignright size-full wp-image-31" height="207" src="http://www.interestingfacts.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Technology-e1309033355433.jpg?9d7bd4" style="border: 1px solid black; color: #52565b; display: inline; float: right; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px 5px 2px; padding: 4px;" title="Technology" width="240" /><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><span id="goog_513716725"></span><span id="goog_513716722"></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;">facts about</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"> technology</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;"><b>When you think about technology you might think about NASA, computers, the internet, energy, electronic gadgets or even automobiles but technology has been around long before these inventions. The Gutenberg printing press is one such example. The gutenberg printing press appeared in the 15<sup>th</sup> century. It revolutionized the world and it’s a great example of world changing technology. Another technology we take for granted today is the invention of the wheel, thats right ‘the wheel’ as in a circular rotating wheel. The wheel has changed life for all human beings by just making life easier and most technologies, tools and most products including some types of pottery just couldn’t exist without it.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;"><b>From medicines to tools, technology not only will usually help to improve peoples lives but strongly contributes to the economy and stability of nations around the world. There are instances when certain technologies could devalue a society.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;"><b>Even various ape species, sea life and birds discover new technologies which help to make life better and may pass down the new technology they’ve learned to the next generation.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;"><b>If you know any interesting facts about technology you’d like to see here feel free to submit them along with your email, if we use them we’ll be sure to thank you. We can’t use copy n paste information from another site, the facts have to be in your own words.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;"><b>Below are some more interesting facts about technology.</b></span></div>
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<li><span style="color: #38761d;"><b>The highest a human has flown from the earth upward by balloon is approximately 128,097 feet which is over 23 miles (39 kilometers) above sea level and it was done by Felix Baumgartner of Austria. The balloon was 55 stories tall, helium filled and strung to a capsule that Felix sat in. Baumgartner was wearing a full body, high technology, oxygen supplied, fully pressurized and heated suit with helmet.</b></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #38761d;"><b>Felix Baumgartner is the only human to break the sound barrier in a free fall surrounded by only a suit without the aid of any type of vessel protecting him while falling. Baumgartner’s world record free fall speed is recorded at 833.9 miles per hour at mach 1.24 and since he was traveling at a speed faster than the speed of sound he didn’t hear the sonic boom. The planning of this mission took over 5 years with a total of about 300 people including 70 engineers, scientists and physicians.</b></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #38761d;"><b>Did you know that the awesome sounding crack of a bullwhip in the air is a supersonic boom? The crack of the whip occurs when the sound barrier is broken.</b></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #38761d;"><b>Six astronauts have driven a lunar rover on the moon.</b></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #38761d;"><b>If you’ve ever wondered how fast the earth orbits through space, we travel at an average of about 67,000 miles per hour every day and night on earth.</b></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #38761d;"><b>The international space station is traveling at an astonishing 17,500 miles per hour.</b></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #38761d;"><b>Is it true Windmills all over the world go counterclockwise but the ones in Ireland go clockwise. It is true and that’s a fact.</b></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #38761d;"><b>It’s true, the match was invented after the cigarette lighter. Interesting and kinda strange!</b></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #38761d;"><b>Using the U.S numeral system, if you started at the number one and spelled out each numeral in order like one, two, three, four etc. you’d be all the way to the number one thousand before your first encounter the letter “a”.</b></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #38761d;"><b>The first emails could only be sent to someone using the same local host with two computers literally side by side. In late 1971 Raymond S Tomlinson sent the first useful email to a user separated from the same host by simply implementing a minor addition to the protocol that was being used and chose to use the @ sign in the email address which we still use today. When asked why he chose the @ sign, he said the @ sign just made sense.</b></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #38761d;"><b>Thomas Edison nicknamed his first two sons Dot and Dash and maybe it had something to do with the unexplained tattoo of dots on his left forearm. I read that his tattoo of dots were shaped like the 5 dots or pips seen on dice. This is not an unusual tattoo to see on people who’ve been in prison and gang members. It can have various meanings, his reason for the tattoo is unexplained.</b></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #38761d;"><b>Some of you are wondering who is Thomas Edison? He’s probably best known to many as the inventor of the light bulb, known then as electric lamps. What he actually did was took the already invented electric lamp and made improvements for a more durable, practical, commercial grade bulb. He then filed an improvement claim and sold the bulbs through Edison Electric Light Company.</b></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #38761d;"><b>Who did Apple Inc replace Steve Jobs with? After the death of Steve Jobs on October 5th 2011, Apple Inc. appointed Arther Levinson it’s non-executive chairman.</b></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #38761d;"><b>Benjamin Franklin invented flippers for swimming in the year 1717 and was inducted into the international swimming hall of fame for the invention. They were originally wooden swim fins shaped like a lily pad and went on the hands. They were about 10 inches (250mm) long and 6 inches (150mm) wide and helped people to swim faster.</b></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #38761d;"><b>Who was Benjamin Franklin? If your thinking he invented more than swimming flippers your correct. Benjamin Franklin was one of the founding fathers of the United States, inventor and much more, we could have a whole page just dedicated to him. A few of his most notable inventions were the Franklin Stove in the year 1742, bifocals invented sometime between 1764 – 1784 and the lightning rod in the year 1749. Yes, someone actually invented the lightning rod.</b></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #38761d;"><b>You see barcodes on a lot of merchandise being sold these days but have you ever wondered what the very first item scanned and sold with a barcode was? it was a pack of Wrigley gum.</b></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #38761d;"><b>The first photo camera took 8 hours to take a photo, during which you would need to remain still.</b></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #38761d;"><b>At least 1300 inventions were patented by Thomas Edison during his entire lifetime.</b></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #38761d;"><b>Automobile transmissions used whale oil up until 1973.</b></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #38761d;"><b>At the time of writing this in August 2012, the world has only fourteen operating blimps.</b></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #38761d;"><b>Watches and clocks are often times lubricated by jewelers with a pure silicone watch oil which can fetch a price of around $3,100 or more per gallon. It’s usually purchased in much smaller quantities.</b></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #38761d;"><b>The first patent for the life boat goes back to 1845.</b></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #38761d;"><b>The well known credit card company Mastercard was at first called Master Charge.</b></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #38761d;"><b>The Apple II had a hard drive of only 5 megabytes when it was launched.</b></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #38761d;"><b>A dentist is the inventor of the electric chair.</b></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #38761d;"><b>The ball at the top of a flagpole has a name, the ball often times seen at the top of a flagpole is known as a truck.</b></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #38761d;"><b>It may not sound very comfortable but Ancient Egyptians actually slept on hard pillows they called head rests made of stone pottery, wood and other uncomfortable materials.</b></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #38761d;"><b>Th AAA Motor Club and travel organization was created initially so that it could warn traveling motorists about police speed traps around the country.</b></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #38761d;"><b>The US uses more steel to create bottle caps than it does to make bodies for cars.</b></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #38761d;"><b>The Kleenex tissue was initially a filter for gas masks.</b></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #38761d;"><b>NASA stands for National Aeronautics and Space Administration.</b></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #38761d;"><b>NASA’s main headquarters is located in Washington DC.</b></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #38761d;"><b>Nasa’s space station Skylab launched off in 1973 and crashed on earth in July 1979 in western Australia. The town of Esperance fined NASA $400.00 for littering. The fine was never paid.</b></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #38761d;"><b>We will be adding more interesting facts about technology, so check back soon.</b></span></li>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03239339556333372137noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3233320805945685766.post-36058774133156548732012-10-21T19:32:00.000+05:302012-10-21T19:32:09.192+05:30<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><b>facts about </b><b style="background-color: transparent;">Solar energy</b></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #38761d;">Solar energy has been gathered by people and used for all kinds of purposes for over 2000 years. It’s a renewable type of energy and only a small percent of us use it right now.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #38761d;">Solar is the main source of energy for all of earths life forms and it’s a clean one. If you use solar energy to create electric you’re doing your part to help the environment.</span></b></div>
<span id="goog_513716714"></span><img alt="Solar Energy" class="alignright size-full wp-image-25" height="168" src="http://www.interestingfacts.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/solar-energy-e1309033190827.jpg?9d7bd4" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid black; color: #52565b; display: inline; float: right; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px 5px 2px; padding: 4px; text-align: justify;" title="Solar Energy" width="240" /><span id="goog_513716715"></span><br /><div style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">Although a small amount of pollution is created when the solar panels are manufactured, transported and installed, it’s nothing compared to the amounts of pollution created in processing and using fossil fuels and nuclear energy.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #38761d;">Solar energy can be used in many ways, from cooking food to heating or cooling houses, powering automobiles and aircraft and providing energy to buildings.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #38761d;">Below are some interesting facts about solar energy:</span></b></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">
<li><b><span style="color: #38761d;">One megawatt of energy can power 1000 average U.S homes for about one hour.</span></b></li>
<li><b><span style="color: #38761d;">In July 2012 the first ever intercontinental round trip of a solar powered plane completed it’s 4,000 mile project to raise public awareness that solar energy can be a reliable source of energy.</span></b></li>
<li><b><span style="color: #38761d;">In July 2012 the United States Bureau of Land Management announced that 285,000 acres across 6 of the nations states were prime areas for solar energy development and plans to move forward.</span></b></li>
<li><b><span style="color: #38761d;">The largest solar plant in the world can be found in the Mojave desert and can create approximately 354 megawatts and it covers a total of about 1,000 acres,with 9 solar thermal plants.</span></b></li>
<li><b><span style="color: #38761d;">Solar energy can only be produced during daylight to make electricity. That energy has to be used during the night but the production stops when the sun goes down.</span></b></li>
<li><b><span style="color: #38761d;">Solar panels which are also known as photovoltaic panels are made mostly from silicon.</span></b></li>
<li><b><span style="color: #38761d;">Researchers are working on a solar window film that could eventually be used on the windows of homes to reduce energy costs. Researchers say it could possibly even be sprayed on one day.</span></b></li>
<li><b><span style="color: #38761d;">Even though you have to invest more initially to buy the solar panels, with solar panel costs dropping, you should now be able to save money.</span></b></li>
<li><b><span style="color: #38761d;">Robots that install solar panels around the clock and in all types of weather are current being developed and tested.</span></b></li>
<li><b><span style="color: #38761d;">Solar power history dates back to at least 700 BC, when the sun rays were used to create fire, with the help of magnifying glasses.</span></b></li>
<li><b><span style="color: #38761d;">Passive solar designs were used for the first time by Romans and Greeks. Their buildings were facing south, so the sun could light and heat the indoor areas.</span></b></li>
<li><b><span style="color: #38761d;">The year when the first solar panels were released was 1956. Two years later space programs began using them and they remained an important source of energy ever since. One example is the International Space Station, which uses solar energy.</span></b></li>
<li><b><span style="color: #38761d;">We’re working to grow the interesting facts about solar energy page so be sure to remember to come back.</span></b></li>
</ul>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03239339556333372137noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3233320805945685766.post-34464571337409913322012-10-21T19:24:00.002+05:302012-10-21T19:24:48.718+05:30<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span id="goog_513716712"></span><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;">INTERESTING </span><strong style="background-color: transparent;"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;">facts </span></strong></h2>
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<strong style="background-color: transparent;"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;">about Recycling</span></strong></h2>
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<span style="color: purple;"><b>The process of recycling involves reusing waste materials and making new products from them while trying to avoid wasting any materials which might be useful.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: purple;"><b>With recycling, fewer fresh materials are needed, less energy is used and our air and water pollution is reduced.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: purple;"><b>You’ve seen the recycle symbol on plastic containers a thousand times but did you ever notice a number inside the symbol? Look at the water bottle sitting next to you or in your fridge, look for the recycle symbol and notice what number is inside it, it’s probably a 1 or a 2. Below we tell you what the most common numbers mean, it’s simple but something we should all know including children.</b></span></div>
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<strong><span style="color: purple;">Important! Be sure to read below, why to never reuse a #1 plastic water bottle to drink out of. A #1 water bottle is your typical store bought drinking water bottle.</span></strong></div>
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<span style="color: purple;"><b>Instead of tossing something recyclable into the trash, you should do your part to make sure it gets recycled. Often times there’s designated areas to drop off recyclables. If you have a garbage collector at your home or office, ask them if they have a special container for you to put your recyclables in.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: purple;"><b>Below are some interesting facts about recycling:</b></span></div>
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<li><span style="color: purple;"><b>Using an average 12 ounce soda or beer can, it takes about 33 empty aluminum cans to equal one pound.</b></span></li>
<li><span style="color: purple;"><b>The average disposable diaper sold today could easily last well over one hundred years in a local landfill and the average baby will need at least 7500 diapers from birth until potty/toilet trained.</b></span></li>
<li><span style="color: purple;"><b>Glass is 100% recyclable, it doesn’t lose quality, durability or purity during the recycling process.</b></span></li>
<li><span style="color: purple;"><b>The international agency for research on cancer has said that styrene <em>( what styrofoam comes from – polystyrene or polystyrene foam from the styrene monomer)</em> is a probable carcinogen and the EPA says it’s a suspected toxin to some of the bodies organs. The National Toxicology Program has deemed it an anticipated human carcinogen. When you use a Styrofoam cup, remember they have a long lifespan in a landfill and are very unlikely to ever be recycled. Styrofoam is also known to be a choking hazard for a lot of animals.</b></span></li>
<li><span style="color: purple;"><b>Have you heard of fog harvesting? There’s a net (sometimes referred to as a fog harvesting fence or fog harvesting tower) that with the help of wind can take fog and turn it into clean drinking water and they are improving peoples lives in some areas of the world where water is scarce.</b></span></li>
<li><span style="color: purple;"><b>There’s a number inside the recycle symbol on most plastics, it’s usually on or near the bottom of every plastic container. If your drinking out of one right now it most likely has a 1 or 2 on it. Recycled #2 plastics are heavier plastics than #1 plastics. A #2 plastic would be a typical milk jug, some juice bottles and even detergent jugs. If it has a 1, which is what an average water bottle sold in the local grocery by the pack would most likely have on it. You may notice the #1 plastic is probably very clear and thinner than the #2 container. Different grades of plastics are recycled into different products.</b></span></li>
<li><span style="color: purple;"><b>#1 plastics or (PET plastics) are often times recycled into products using fleece, jackets, carpet, backpacks, sleeping bags etc.</b></span></li>
<li><span style="color: purple;"><b>#2 plastics can be recycled into heavier more durable products than #1 plastics like plastic crates, outdoor plastic furniture, play sets for children, toys, buckets, and even back into drinking and food grade containers and more.</b></span></li>
<li><span style="color: purple;"><b>Plastics #2, #4 and #5 are the plastics that can be made safest for foods and drinking. Notice we didn’t mention #1, while #1 is considered safe enough by the FDA to drink the contents once, most health advocates agree that manufactures shouldn’t recycle the #1 plastic back into a drinking bottle again because of bacteria concerns.</b></span></li>
<li><span style="color: purple;"><b>Back to #1 grade water bottles. Do not reuse #1 grade plastic bottles, think of the 1 as (one time use) because they are not manufactured for repeated use.Repeated use of a #1 plastic container for drinking or eating can release unwanted, unhealthy chemicals in your food and drink, washing it does not help, washing it does not make it safer and can actually release more chemicals. I’m guilty, I’ve done it but not any more.</b></span></li>
<li><span style="color: purple;"><b>The battery pack on some hybrid drive vehicles manufactured today like the Toyota Prius can contain a whopping 20+ pounds of a rare earth metal called lanthanum. 90-95% of the earths lanthanum has been coming from China for years. China has recently made claims that they will scale back mining and exporting it, those are the facts so In theory by the time the battery on your new Toyota Prius goes bad (probably 10+ years) it could be a valuable recyclable.</b></span></li>
<li><span style="color: purple;"><b>Did you know food scraps can be recycled into an excellent compost for gardening? Breads, vegetables, fruit peels, coffee grounds and even eggshells are just a few of the ingredients that can be used to strengthen your soil’s fertility.</b></span></li>
<li><span style="color: purple;"><b>We all use bottles and jars either directly or indirectly, Americans discard about 28 billion of them each year.</b></span></li>
<li><span style="color: purple;"><b>Buenos Aires is home to about 3 million people which accumulate about 6 thousand tons of trash per day. It’s estimated that around 90% of their trash isn’t being recycled which is overloading their landfills and making garbage disposal a growing concern.</b></span></li>
<li><span style="color: purple;"><b>The most used metal in the world today is iron.</b></span></li>
<li><span style="color: purple;"><b>The second most used metal in the world today is aluminum followed by copper.</b></span></li>
<li><span style="color: purple;"><b>The typical can made in America has about 25% recycled steel in it.</b></span></li>
<li><span style="color: purple;"><b>Upcycling is when a material is recycled or transitioned into a more purposeful and valuable item than it was originally. For example, recycled bottles are used to make fleece which is used to make clothes.</b></span></li>
<li><span style="color: purple;"><b>Some strange things I’ve seen upcycled into other things are: A teapot and pan upcycled into a cool lamp, wood coat hangers combined with a bicycle rim upcycled into a unique chandelier and thousands of prescription lenses used to make a dazzling and glimmering chandelier ball.</b></span></li>
<li><span style="color: purple;"><b>What is Repurposing? Repurposing is when a tool or item is simply used for something other than what the manufacturer created it for. For example, people often use car tires to protect boats when docking.</b></span></li>
<li><span style="color: purple;"><b>Statistics say that about 80% of everything which is thrown by Americans can be recycled. The reality is that less than 30% is being recycled. There is a lot of room for improvement.</b></span></li>
<li><span style="color: purple;"><b>All the jars and glass bottles thrown away during one month by Americans could fill a huge skyscraper, the size of the Empire State Building. All these glass containers could be recycled instead.</b></span></li>
<li><span style="color: purple;"><b>It’s estimated that millions of creatures from the sea have been killed by plastic garbage and bags which are thrown in the oceans.</b></span></li>
<li><span style="color: purple;"><b>There is a huge patch of garbage on the ocean and that’s a fact. It’s called the Great Pacific Garbage Patch and is an enormous cesspool of various chemicals with a high reading of plastic pollutants. what we’re unclear on is it’s actual size which is now estimated to be larger than all of the United States.</b></span></li>
<li><span style="color: purple;"><b>If a ton of paper is recycled, around 17 trees are saved, as well as two oil barrels, 4100 energy kilowatts, 60 pounds worth of pollution and over 3 cubic yards in the landfills. If you’ve read all of the interesting facts about recyclingto this point, you’re incredible!</b></span></li>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03239339556333372137noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3233320805945685766.post-60456409325459471702012-10-17T10:13:00.000+05:302012-10-28T01:31:49.116+05:30<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="background-color: white; color: orange; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="line-height: 19.600000381469727px;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: orange; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="line-height: 19.600000381469727px;"><b>celeberation of 100th</b></span></span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: orange; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="line-height: 19.600000381469727px;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: orange; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="line-height: 19.600000381469727px;"><b> post in</b></span></span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="line-height: 19.600000381469727px;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="line-height: 19.600000381469727px;"><b> A REAL FOOT PRINT OF FACTS</b></span></span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #38761d;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;">Well, folks, I’ve reached a pretty neat milestone; this is my </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;">100th</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;"> post! I’ve been trying to think about what to write, as I consider the number 100 to be pretty symbolic, and I’m big on symbolism and celebrations. Posts 1-99 and 101-199 were and can be used for platforms for my various experiences, opinions and rants, so I thought I would do something different for this momentous occasion. </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;"> so I had to do some reading and research around the Net in order to dig up some interesting/cool facts. So, sit </span>back<span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;">and enjoy; I wish I could keep this post to 100 words, but that will never happen!</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d; font-family: Comic Sans MS;"><b>1. 100 pennies equals one dollar.<br />2. 100 years are a century.<br />3. 100 centimeters are one meter.<br />4. 100% means all your answers are correct.<br />5. A person who lives to be 100 is called a centenarian.<br />6. C is the Roman numeral for 100. C comes from the word Latin word centrum.<br />7. An American football field is 100 yards long.<br />8. 10 ten dollar bills are 100 dollars.<br />9. 20 five dollar bills are 100 dollars.<br />10. 100 quarters equals 25 dollars<br />11. 100 years ago Theodore Roosevelt was our President.<br />12. The San Francisco earthquake happened 100 years ago.<br />13. 100 years ago SOS was adopted as the universal distress signal.<br />14. The 100 Years War started between England and France in 1336.<br />15. The Old Hundred Gold Mine is in Silverton, Colorado.<br />16. Winnie the Pooh lives in the Hundred Acre Woods.<br />17. <i>The Hundred and One Dalmatians</i> was written in 1961.<br />18. A hundred watt light bulb lasts for 750 hours.<br />19. The air from a sneeze has been clocked at more than 100 miles per hour.<br />20. Five square inches (the back of your hand) has 100 feet of blood vessels.<br />21. By the age of 66 most people will have shed 100 pounds of skin.<br />22. On average 100 people choke to death on ball-point pens each year.<br />23. Lightning can be seen up to 100 kilometers.<br />24. Squirrels can fall 100 feet without hurting themselves.<br />25. The place value system was developed in India in 100 BC.<br />26. There are 100 breeds of Cats.<br />27. Cats make 100 different sounds.<br />28. Some sharks can live to be 100.<br />29. In Canada 100 different languages are spoken.<br />30. In the U.S. there are 100 Senators, 2 from each of the 50 states.<br />31. 100 mile per hour winds is a Category 2 hurricane.<br />32. In the average person's life they will drink enough milk to fill 100 bathtubs.<br />33. Lobsters can live to be 100, and travel 100 miles each year.<br />34. More than 100 feral cats were once found living in Sleeping Beauty's castle at Disneyland.<br />35. One tablespoon of peanut butter has 100 calories.<br />36. A ladybug beetle can eat 100 aphids every two days.<br />37. A female mosquito can live up to 100 days.<br />38. Lightning strikes the earth 100 times every second.<br />39. Larry Lewis ran the 100-yard dash in 17.8 seconds in 1969, setting a new world's record for runners in the 100-years-or-older class. He was 101.<br />40. The electric Xebra Roadster can travel 100 miles per charge.<br />41. Sleeping Beauty slept 100 years.<br />42. The first person to win the Indianapolis 500 at a speed of over 100 MPH was Billy Arnold in 1930.<br />43. If you had 100 billion dollars, you could spend 3 million dollars a day, every day, for the next 100 years.<br />44. Water boils at 100 degrees centigrade.<br />45. In clear water, a submerged submarine can be spotted from the air at depths up to 100 feet.<br />46. About 100 people each year die from severe allergic reactions to bee stings.<br />47. Moose can eat over 100 pounds of plants each day.<br />48. In the last 98 years, more than 100 billion Crayola crayons have been made.<br />49. Parents buy enough crayons in a year to make a giant crayon 35 feet in diameter and 100 feet taller than the Statue of Liberty.<br />50. In February, 1996, the 100 billionth Crayola crayon was made by Fred Rogers of Mister Rogers' Neighborhood. It now resides in the Crayola Hall of Fame in Easton, Pa.<br />51. Starbucks buys over 100 million pounds of coffee each year.<br />52. It takes 100 hickory seeds to make one pound of shelled nuts.<br />53. The average hippo weighs 100 pounds at birth.<br />54. King salmon are the largest salmon in the Pacific Ocean. They can weigh over 100 pounds.<br />55. Eskimos have over 100 words for ice.<br />56. The body gives off the amount of heat equivalent to a 100-watt light bulb<br />57. There are 100 sweat glands in 1 square inch of skin.<br />58. As you focus on each word in this sentence, your eyes swing back and forth 100 times a second.<br />59. More than 100 live tarantulas were flown in for the filming of Indiana Jones, Raiders of the Lost Ark.<br />60. About 37 grams of salt can be dissolved in 100 grams of water<br />61. Camels and crocodiles can live to be 100 years old.<br />62. Rip Van Winkle slept 100 years.<br />63. The first Rolls Royce was made over a 100 years ago.<br />64. The Wright Brothers invented the first airplane over 100 years ago.<br />65. Elvis Presley has been on Billboards Hot 100 list more than any other singer.<br />66. One kilowatt-hour (kWh) equals the amount of electricity needed to burn a 100 watt light bulb for 10 hours.<br />67. A typical high power solar panel generates 100 Watts or electricity and measures about 2 feet by 4 feet<br />68. Hunters in the US kill over 100 million animals each year.<br />69. The longest car ever made is a limousine 100 feet long containing a swimming pool, and a king-sized water bed.<br />70. The most points ever scored in an NBA game were 100 by Wilt Chamberlain in 1962.<br />71. The 100th day of 2006 is April 10.<br />72. The tallest apartment building has 100 floors and is in Chicago, Illinois.<br />73. The world's fastest man is Tim Montgomery who ran 100 meters in 9.78 seconds.<br />74. The world record for hula hooping is 100 hula hoops at one time by a girl from Australia in 2005.<br />75. 100 written in the binary system is 1100100. This is the number the computer uses for 100.<br />76. The standard prefix for 100 is hecto-.<br />77. The sum of the first 9 prime numbers is 100.<br />78. Number 100 on the Periodic Table of Elements is fermium, a rare radioactive earth metal.<br />79. There are 100 verses in the song 99 Bottles of Beer on the Wall.<br />80. Benjamin Franklin's picture is on the $100 dollar bill.<br />81. There are 100 letter tiles in a Scrabble game.<br />82. In India and Israel 100 is the phone number for the police.<br />83. <i>The Hundred Dresses</i> by Eleanor Estes is a Newbery Honor Book, 1944.<br />84. <i>Hitty, Her First Hundred Years, by Rachel Fields</i> won the Newbery Award in 1929.<br />85. An IQ of 100 is normal for an adult.<br />86. 100% means all of one something.<br />87. A "hundred" is a unit of measure of land, or the amount of land necessary for 100 people to live on.<br />88. The century plant, or agave, lives only 25 years, but blooms only "once in century."<br />89. A centennial is a 100 year anniversary.<br />90. <i>Centenary</i> is an adjective meaning 100.<br />91. A "$100 Hamburger" is a private airplane flight made just to go to a restaurant out of town.<br />92. The factors of 100 are 2, 4, 5, 10,<br />20, 25, and 50.<br />93. In the Dewey Decimal System of the library, books about philosophy & psychology will be found in the 100 section.<br />94. Today you will need $100 to buy what cost $80 in 1996, just ten years ago, or $4.80 in Gabriel Fahrenheit used his own body temperature (stated as 100 degrees) in calculations for the Fahrenheit thermometer.<br />95. Lava can flow out of a volcano at over 100 miles per hour.<br />96. The hottest day ever in Seattle, Washington, was 100° F., June 9, 1955,<br />97. Phoenix, Arizona, has more days over 100° F. than any other US city.<br />98. The longest number of days when Phoenix temperatures were over 100° F. happened in June and July of 1993, 76 days.<br />99. Mexico City is at 100 degrees west longitude.<br />100. Bangkok, Thailand is at 100 degrees east longitude.</b></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03239339556333372137noreply@blogger.com15tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3233320805945685766.post-40251013513274868162012-10-17T09:54:00.002+05:302012-10-17T09:54:40.646+05:30<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"> The Tunnels at </span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;">Baiae remains still</span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 20.766666412353516px;">Unsolved Mystery</span></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><b>an Oracle of the Dead</b></span></span></div>
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<img alt="" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-8716" height="0" src="http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/history/files/2012/10/Turner-1823-470x251.jpg" style="border: none; display: block; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px;" width="0" /></div>
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<a href="http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/history/2012/10/the-unsolved-mystery-of-the-tunnels-at-baiae/turner-1823/" rel="attachment wp-att-8138" style="color: #006791; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="wp-image-8138 " height="210" src="http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/history/files/2012/08/Turner-1823-500x300.jpg" style="border: 0px none; margin: 3px; padding: 0px;" width="350" /></a><div class="wp-caption-text" style="color: #231f20; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11px; font-style: italic; line-height: 17px; padding: 0px 4px 5px;">
Baiae and the Bay of Naples, painted by J.M.W. Turner in 1823, well <a href="http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/history/2012/10/the-unsolved-mystery-of-the-tunnels-at-baiae/#" id="_GPLITA_4" in_rurl="http://i.trkjmp.com/click?v=SU46MjY2MjI6MTQxNzpiZWZvcmU6ZDhkMjIzNjE1YWExNWI0NzdkNTk4YjNjMzlkN2M0NDk6ei0xMjYwLTY4MjM5OmJsb2dzLnNtaXRoc29uaWFubWFnLmNvbToxNjk1Mjo5NWRhZTZmZmJhMzViNTkwYTdjY2JkMzI3ZDFiNjc5Mw" style="color: #006791; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" title="Click to Continue > by CouponDropDown">before</a> modernization of the area obliterated most traces of its Roman past. Image: Wikicommons.</div>
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<b><span style="color: purple;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 1.6em;">There is nothing remotely Elysian about the</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 1.6em;"> </span>Phlegræan Fields<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 1.6em;">, which lie on the north shore of the Bay of Naples; nothing sylvan, nothing green. The Fields are part of the caldera of a volcano that is the twin of</span>Mount Vesuvius<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 1.6em;">, a few miles to the east, the destroyer of</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 1.6em;"> </span>Pompeii<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 1.6em;">. The volcano is still active–it</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 1.6em;"> </span>last<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 1.6em;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 1.6em;">erupted in 1538, and once possessed a crater that measured eight miles across–but most of it is underwater now. The portion that is still accessible on land consists of a barren, rubble-strewn plateau. Fire bursts from the rocks in places, and clouds of sulfurous gas snake out of vents leading up from deep underground.</span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: purple;">The Fields, in short, are hellish, and it is no surprise that in Greek and Roman myth they were associated with all manner of strange tales. Most interesting, perhaps, is the legend of the Cumæan sibyl, who took her name from the nearby town of Cumæ, a Greek colony dating to about 500 B.C.– a time when the Etruscans still held sway much of central Italy and Rome was nothing but a city-state ruled over by a line of tyrannical kings.</span></b></div>
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<a href="http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/history/2012/10/the-unsolved-mystery-of-the-tunnels-at-baiae/sibylcumae-by-andrea-del-catagno-uffizi-gallery/" rel="attachment wp-att-8146" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><b><span style="color: purple;"><img alt="" class=" wp-image-8146 " height="400" src="http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/history/files/2012/08/SibylCumae-by-Andrea-del-Catagno-Uffizi-gallery-226x500.jpg" style="border: 0px none; margin: 3px; padding: 0px;" width="181" /></span></b></a><div class="wp-caption-text" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-style: italic; line-height: 17px; padding: 0px 4px 5px;">
<b><span style="color: purple;">A Renaissance-era depiction of a young Cumæan sibyl by Andrea del Catagno. The painting can be seen in the Uffizi Gallery. Image: Wikicommons.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: purple;">The sibyl, so the story goes, was a woman named Amalthaea who lurked in a cave on the Phlegræan Fields. She had once been young and beautiful–beautiful enough to attract the attentions of the sun god, Apollo, who offered her one wish in exchange for her virginity. Pointing to a heap of dust, Amalthaea asked for a year of life for each particle in the pile, but (as is usually the way in such old tales) failed to allow for the vindictiveness of the gods.Ovid, in <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Metamorphoses</em>, has her lament that “like a fool, I did not ask that all those years should come with ageless youth, as well.” Instead, she aged but could not die. Virgil depicts herscribbling the future on oak leaves that lay scattered about the entrance to her cave, and states that the cave itself concealed an entrance to the underworld.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: purple;">The best-known–and from our perspective the most interesting–of all the tales associated with the sibyl is supposed to date to the reign of Tarquinius Superbus–Tarquin the Proud. He was the last of the mythic kings of Rome, and some historians, at least, concede that he really did live and rule in the sixth century B.C. According to legend, the sibyl traveled to Tarquin’s palace bearing nine books of prophecy that set out the whole of the future of Rome. She offered the set to the king for a price so enormous that he summarily declined–at which the prophetess went away, burned the first three of the books, and returned, offering the remaining six to Tarquin at the same price. Once again, the king refused, though less arrogantly this time, and the sibyl burned three more of the precious volumes. The third time she approached the king, he thought it wise to accede to her demands. Rome purchased the three remaining books of prophecy at the original steep price.<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span id="more-8105" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />What makes this story of interest to historians as well as folklorists is that there is good evidence that three Greek scrolls, known collectively as the Sibylline Books, really were kept, closely guarded, for hundreds of years after the time of Tarquin the Proud. Secreted in a stone chest in a vault beneath the Temple of Jupiter, the scrolls were brought out at times of crisis and used, not as a detailed guide to the future of Rome, but as a manual that set out the rituals required to avert looming disasters. They served the Republic well until the temple burned down in 83 B.C., and so vital were they thought to be that huge efforts were made to reassemble the lost prophecies by sending envoys to all the great towns of the known world to look for fragments that might have come from the same source. These reassembled prophecies were pressed back into service and not finally destroyed until 405, when they are thought to have been burned by a noted general by the name of Flavius Stilicho.</span></b></div>
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<a href="http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/history/2012/10/the-unsolved-mystery-of-the-tunnels-at-baiae/phlegraen-fields-sulfur/" rel="attachment wp-att-8615" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><b><span style="color: purple;"><img alt="" class=" wp-image-8615 " height="240" src="http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/history/files/2012/09/Phlegraen-Fields-sulfur-500x375.jpg" style="border: 0px none; margin: 3px; padding: 0px;" width="320" /></span></b></a><div class="wp-caption-text" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-style: italic; line-height: 17px; padding: 0px 4px 5px;">
<b><span style="color: purple;">Sulfur drifts from a vent on the barren volcanic plateau known as the Phlegraean Fields, a harsh moonscape associated with legends of prophecy. Photo: Wikicommons.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: purple;">The existence of the Sibylline Books certainly suggests that Rome took the legend of the Cumæan sibyl seriously, and indeed the geographer Strabo, writing at about the time of Christ, clearly states thatthere actually was “an Oracle of the Dead” somewhere in the Phlegræan Fields. So it is scarcely surprising that archaeologists and scholars of romantic bent have from time to time gone in search of a cave or tunnel that might be identified as the real home of a real sibyl–nor that some have hoped that they would discover an entrance, if not to Hades, then at least to some spectacular subterranean caverns</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: purple;">Over the years several spots, the best known of which lies close to Lake Avernus, have been identified as the <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">antro della sibilla</em>–the cave of the sibyl. None, though, leads to anywhere that might reasonably be confused with an entrance to the underworld. Because of this, the quest continued, and gradually the remaining searchers focused their attentions on the old Roman resort of Baiæ (Baia), which lies on Bay of Naples at a spot where the Phlegræan Fields vanish beneath the Tyrrhenian Sea. Two thousand years ago, Baiæ was a flourishing spa, noted both for its mineral cures and for the scandalous immorality that flourished there. Today, it is little more than a collection of picturesque ruins–but it was there, in the 1950s, that the entrance to a hitherto unknown <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">antrum</em> was discovered by the Italian archaeologist Amedeo Maiuri. It had been concealed for years beneath a vineyard; Maiuri’s workers had to clear a 15-foot-thick accumulation of earth and vines.</span></b></div>
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<a href="http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/history/2012/10/the-unsolved-mystery-of-the-tunnels-at-baiae/antrum-entrance/" rel="attachment wp-att-8728" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><b><span style="color: purple;"><img alt="" class=" wp-image-8728 " height="392" src="http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/history/files/2012/10/Antrum-entrance.jpg" style="border: 0px none; margin: 3px; padding: 0px;" width="214" /></span></b></a><div class="wp-caption-text" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-style: italic; line-height: 17px; padding: 0px 4px 5px;">
<b><span style="color: purple;">The narrow entrance to the tunnel complex at Baiae is easy to miss amid the ruins of a Greek temple and a large Roman bath complex.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: purple;">The antrum<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </em>at Baiæ proved difficult to explore. A sliver of tunnel, obviously ancient and manmade, disappeared into a hillside close to the ruins of a temple. The first curious onlookers who pressed their heads into its cramped entrance discovered a pitch-black passageway that was uncomfortably hot and wreathed in fumes; they penetrated only a few feet into the interior before beating a hasty retreat. There the mystery rested, and it was not revived until the site came to the attention of Robert Paget in the early 1960s.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: purple;">Paget was not a professional archaeologist. He was a Briton who worked at a nearby NATO airbase, lived in Baiæ, and excavated mostly as a hobby. As such, his theories need to be viewed with caution, and it is worth noting that when the academic <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Papers of the British School at Rome</em> agreed to publish the results of the decade or more that he and an American colleague named Keith Jones spent digging in the tunnel, a firm distinction was drawn between the School’s endorsement of a straightforward description of the findings and its refusal to pass comment on the theories Paget had come up with to explain his perplexing discoveries. These theories eventually made their appearance in book form but attracted little attention–surprisingly, because the pair claimed to have stumbled across nothing less than a real-life “entrance to the underworld.”</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: purple;">Paget was one of the handful of men who still hoped to locate the “cave of the sibyl” described by Virgil, and it was this obsession that made him willing to risk the inhospitable interior. He and Jones pressed their way though the narrow opening and found themselves inside a high but narrow tunnel, eight feet tall but just 21 inches wide. The temperature inside was uncomfortable but bearable, and although the airless interior was still tinged with volcanic fumes, the two men pressed on into a passage that, they claimed, had probably not been entered for 2,000 years.</span></b></div>
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<a href="http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/history/2012/10/the-unsolved-mystery-of-the-tunnels-at-baiae/baiaie-plan/" rel="attachment wp-att-8143" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><b><span style="color: purple;"><img alt="" class=" wp-image-8143 " height="274" src="http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/history/files/2012/08/Baiaie-plan-500x342.jpg" style="border: 0px none; margin: 3px; padding: 0px;" width="400" /></span></b></a><div class="wp-caption-text" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-style: italic; line-height: 17px; padding: 0px 4px 5px;">
<b><span style="color: purple;">A plan of Baiae’s mysterious “Oracle of the Dead,” showing the complex layout of the tunnels and their depth below ground level.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: purple;">Following the tunnel downward, Paget and Jones calculated that it fell only around 10 feet in the first 400 feet of its length before terminating in a solid wall of rubble that blocked the way. But even the scanty evidence the two men had managed to gather during this early phase of their investigation persuaded them that it was worth pressing on. For one thing, the sheer amount of spoil that had been hauled into the depths suggested a considerable degree of organization–years later, when the excavation of the tunnel was complete, it would be estimated that 700 cubic yards of rubble, and 30,000 man-journeys, had been required to fill it. For another, using a compass, Paget determined that the terrace where the tunnel system began was oriented towards the midsummer sunrise, and hence the solstice, while the mysterious passage itself ran exactly east-west and was, thus, on the equinoctial sunrise line. This suggested that it served some ritual purpose.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: purple;">It took Paget and Jones, working in difficult conditions with a small group of volunteers, the beter part of a decade to clear and explore what turned out to be a highly ambitious tunnel system. Its ceremonial function seemed to be confirmed by the existence of huge numbers of niches for oil lamps–they occurred every yard in the tunnels’ lower levels, far more frequently than would have been required merely to provide illumination. The builders had also given great thought to the layout of the complex, which seemed to have been designed to conceal its mysteries.</span></b></div>
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<a href="http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/history/2012/10/the-unsolved-mystery-of-the-tunnels-at-baiae/river-styx/" rel="attachment wp-att-8134" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><b><span style="color: purple;"><img alt="" class=" wp-image-8134 " height="360" src="http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/history/files/2012/08/River-Styx-366x500.jpg" style="border: 0px none; margin: 3px; padding: 0px;" width="263" /></span></b></a><div class="wp-caption-text" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-style: italic; line-height: 17px; padding: 0px 4px 5px;">
<b><span style="color: purple;">The “River Styx”–an underground stream, heated almost to boiling point in places, which runs through at the deepest portions of the tunnel complex. It was the discovery of this stream that led Paget to formulate his daring hypothesis that the Great Antrum was intended as a representation of the mythic underground passageways to Hades.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: purple;">Within the portion of the tunnels choked by rubble, Paget and Jones found, hidden behind an S-bend, a second blockage. This, the explorers discovered, marked the place where two tunnels diverged. Basing his thinking on the remains of some ancient pivots, Paget suggested that the spot had at one time harbored a concealed door. Swung closed, this would have masked the entrance to a second tunnel that acted as a short-cut to the lower levels. Opened partially, it could have been used (the explorer suggested) as a remarkably effective ventilation system; hot, vitiated air would be sucked out of the tunnel complex at ceiling level, while currents of cooler air from the surface were constantly drawn in along the floor.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: purple;">But only when the men went deeper into the hillside did the greatest mystery of the tunnels revealed itself. There, hidden at the bottom of a much steeper passage, and behind a second S-bend that prevented anyone approaching from seeing it until the final moment, ran an underground stream. A small “landing stage” projected out into the sulfurous waters, which ran from left to right across the tunnel and disappeared into the darkness. And the river itself was hot to the touch–in places it approached boiling point.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: purple;">Conditions at this low point in the tunnel complex certainly were stygian. The temperature had risen to 120 degrees Fahrenheit; the air stank of sulfur. It was a relief to force a way across the stream and up a steep ascending passage on the other side, which eventually opened into an antechamber, oriented this time to the helical sunset, that Paget dubbed the “hidden sanctuary.” From there, more hidden staircases ascended to the surface to emerge behind the ruins of water tanks that had fed the spas at the ancient temple complex.</span></b></div>
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<a href="http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/history/2012/10/the-unsolved-mystery-of-the-tunnels-at-baiae/pfv/" rel="attachment wp-att-8267" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><b><span style="color: purple;"><img alt="" class=" wp-image-8267 " height="220" src="http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/history/files/2012/08/PFV-500x314.jpg" style="border: 0px none; margin: 3px; padding: 0px;" width="350" /></span></b></a><div class="wp-caption-text" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-style: italic; line-height: 17px; padding: 0px 4px 5px;">
<b><span style="color: purple;">The Phlegræan Fields (left) and Mount Vesuvius, after Scipione Breislak’s map of 1801. Baiae lies at the northeastern tip of the peninsula of Bacoli, at the extreme westerly end of the Fields.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: purple;">What was this “Great Antrum,” as Paget dubbed it? Who had built it–and for what purpose? And who had stopped it up? After a decade of exploration, he and Jones had formulated answers to those questions.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: purple;">The tunnel system, the two men proposed, had been constructed by priests to mimic a visit to the Greeks’ mythical underworld. In this interpretation, the stream represented the fabled River Styx, which the dead had to cross to enter Hades; a small boat, the explorers speculated, would have been waiting at the landing stage to ferry visitors across. On the far side these initiates would have climbed the stairs to the hidden sanctuary, and it was there they would have met… who? One possibility, Paget thought, was a priestess posing as the Cumæan sibyl, and for this reason he took to calling the complex the “Antrum of Initiation.”</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: purple;">The tunnels, then, in Paget’s view, might have been constructed to allow priests to persuade their patrons–or perhaps simply wealthy travelers–that they had traveled through the underworld. The scorching temperatures below ground and the thick drifts of volcanic vapor would certainly have given that impression. And if visitors were tired, befuddled or perhaps simply drugged, it would have been possible to create a powerfully otherworldly experience capable of persuading even the skeptical.</span></b></div>
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<a href="http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/history/2012/10/the-unsolved-mystery-of-the-tunnels-at-baiae/general-plan/" rel="attachment wp-att-8140" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><b><span style="color: purple;"><img alt="" class=" wp-image-8140 " height="350" src="http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/history/files/2012/08/General-plan-399x500.jpg" style="border: 0px none; margin: 3px; padding: 0px;" width="279" /></span></b></a><div class="wp-caption-text" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-style: italic; line-height: 17px; padding: 0px 4px 5px;">
<b><span style="color: purple;">A general plan of the tunnel complex, drawn by Robert Paget. Click twice to view in higher resolution.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: purple;">In favor of this argument, Paget went on, was the careful planning of the tunnels. The “dividing of the ways,” with its hidden door, would have allowed a party of priests–and the “Cumæan sibyl” too, perhaps–quick access to the hidden sanctuary, and the encounter with the “River Styx” would have been enhanced by the way the tunnels’ S-bend construction concealed its presence from new initiates. The system, furthermore, closely matched ancient myths relating visits to the underworld. In Virgil’s<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Aeniad</em>, for instance, the hero, Aeneas, crosses the Styx only once on his journey underground, emerging from Hades by an alternate route. The tunnel complex at Baiæ seemed to have been constructed to allow just such a journey–and Virgil, in Paget’s argument, had lived nearby and might himself have been an initiate in Baiæ’s mysteries.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: purple;">Dating the construction of the complex was a greater challenge. The explorers found little evidence inside the tunnels that might point to the identity of the builders–just a mason’s plumb bob in one of the niches and some ancient graffiti. But, working on the assumption that the passages had formed part of the surrounding temple complex, they concluded that they could best be dated to the late archaic period around 550 B.C.–at pretty much the time, that is, that the Cumæan sibyl was said to have lived. If so, the complex was was almost certainly the work of the Greek colonists of Cumæ itself. As for when the tunnels had been blocked up, that–Paget thought–must have taken place after Virgil’s time, during the early Imperial period of Roman history. But who exactly ordered the work, or why, he could not say.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: purple;">In time, Paget and Jones solved at least some of the Great Antrum’s mysteries. In 1965 they persuaded a friend, Colonel David Lewis of the U.S. Army, and his son to investigate the Styx for them using scuba apparatus. The two divers followed the stream into a tunnel that dramatically deepened and discovered the source of its mysterious heat: two springs of boiling water, superheated by the volcanic chambers of the Phlegræan Fields.</span></b></div>
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<a href="http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/history/2012/10/the-unsolved-mystery-of-the-tunnels-at-baiae/source-of-the-styx/" rel="attachment wp-att-8133" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><b><span style="color: purple;"><img alt="" class=" wp-image-8133 " height="350" src="http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/history/files/2012/08/Source-of-the-Styx-367x500.jpg" style="border: 0px none; margin: 3px; padding: 0px;" width="257" /></span></b></a><div class="wp-caption-text" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-style: italic; line-height: 17px; padding: 0px 4px 5px;">
<b><span style="color: purple;">One of the two boiling springs that feed the “Styx,” photographed in 1965, 250 feet beneath the surface, by Colonel David Lewis, U.S. Army.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: purple;">Whether Paget and Jones’s elaborate theories are correct remains a matter of debate. That the tunnel complex served some ritual purpose can hardly be doubted if the explorers’ compass bearings are correct, and the specifics of its remarkable construction seem to support much of what Paget says. Of alternative explanations, only one–that the tunnels were once part of a system designed to supply hot mineral-rich waters to bathhouses above–feels plausible, though it certainly does not explain features such as S-bends designed to hide the wonders ahead from approaching visitors. The central question may well be whether it is possible to see Paget’s channel of boiling water deep underground as anything other than a deliberate representation of one of the fabled rivers that girdled Hades–if not the Styx itself, then perhaps thePhlegethon, the mythic “river of fire” that, in Dante’s Inferno, boils the souls of the departed. Historians of the ancient world do not dispute that powerful priests were fully capable of mounting elaborate deceptions–and a recent geological report on the far better known Greek oracle site at Delphi demonstrated that fissures in the rocks nearby brought intoxicating and anaesthetic gases to the surface at that spot, suggesting that it may have been selected and used for a purpose much like the one Paget proposed at Baiæ.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: purple;">Yet much remains mysterious about the Great Antrum–not least the vexed question of how ancient builders, working with primitive tools at the end of the Bronze Age, could possibly have known of the existence of the “River Styx,” much less excavated a tunnel that so neatly intercepted it. There is no trace of the boiling river at the surface–and it was not until the 1970s, after Paget’s death, that his collaborators finally discovered, by injecting colored dyes into its waters, that it flows into the sea miles away, on the northern side of Cape Miseno.</span></b></div>
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<a href="http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/history/2012/10/the-unsolved-mystery-of-the-tunnels-at-baiae/graffitti/" rel="attachment wp-att-8148" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><b><span style="color: purple;"><img alt="" class=" wp-image-8148 " height="173" src="http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/history/files/2012/08/Graffitti-500x411.png" style="border: 0px none; margin: 3px; padding: 0px;" width="210" /></span></b></a><div class="wp-caption-text" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-style: italic; line-height: 17px; padding: 0px 4px 5px;">
<b><span style="color: purple;">Paget found one foot-high fragment of roughly painted graffiti close to the entrance of the tunnels. He interpreted the first line to read “Illius” (“of that”), and the second as a shorthand symbol representing a prayer to the Greek goddess Hera.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: purple;">Little seems to have changed at Baiæ since Paget’s day. His discoveries have made remarkably little impact on tourism at the ancient resort, and even today the network of passages he worked so long to clear remain locked and barely visited. A local guide can be hired, but the complex remains difficult, hot and uncomfortable to visit. Little attempt is made to exploit the idea that it was once thought to be an entrance to the underworld, and, pending reinvestigation by trained archaeologists, not much more can be said about the tunnels’ origin and purpose. But even among the many mysteries of the ancient world, the Great Antrum on the Bay of Naples surely remains among the most intriguing.</span></b></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03239339556333372137noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3233320805945685766.post-22185640777156033862012-10-16T11:59:00.002+05:302012-10-18T12:31:15.132+05:30<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 33.266666412353516px;"><b><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"><span id="goog_1023804149"></span><span id="goog_1023804150"></span>The "chapatty" </span></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 33.266666412353516px;"><b><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;">FREEDOM MOVEMENT</span></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 33.266666412353516px;"><b><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;">OF INDIA</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 20.766666412353516px;"><span style="color: #6aa84f; font-size: large;"><b>Pass it on: The Secret that Preceded</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 20.766666412353516px;"><span style="color: #6aa84f; font-size: large;"><b>The Indian Rebellion of 1857</b></span></span></div>
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<span id="goog_1023804143"></span><span id="goog_1023804144"></span>The mysterious appearance of chapatis—loaves of an Indian unleavened bread—spooked the British administrators of the Raj shortly <a href="http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/history/2012/05/pass-it-on-the-secret-that-preceded-the-indian-rebellion-of-1857/#" id="_GPLITA_5" in_rurl="http://i.trkjmp.com/click?v=SU46MjY2MjI6MTQxNzpiZWZvcmU6YTlhNTZjMDBlMjRhYjZlYzZhMmE1NDU5NGI5OTc0ODA6ei0xMjYwLTY4MjM5OmJsb2dzLnNtaXRoc29uaWFubWFnLmNvbToxNjk1NTo3ZjA5NTM4MWQwNGMyYTg0YjdjZjIzYmE0MWY1YjRlMw" style="color: #006791; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" title="Click to Continue > by Text-Enhance">before</a> the outbreak of rebellion in 1857.</div>
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<b><span style="color: purple;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 1.6em;">“There is a most mysterious affair going on throughout the whole of India at present,” Dr. Gilbert Hadow wrote in a letter to his sister in Britain in March 1857. “No one seems to know the meaning of it.… It is not known where it originated, by whom or for what purpose, whether it is supposed to be connected to any religious ceremony or whether it has to do with some secret society. The Indian papers are </span>full<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 1.6em;"> of surmises as to what it means. It is called ‘the chupatty movement.’ ”</span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: purple;">The “movement” that Hadow was describing was a remarkable example of rumor gone wild. It consisted of the distribution of many thousands of <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">chapatis</em>—unleavened Indian breads—that were passed from hand to hand and from village to village throughout the <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">mofussil</em> (interior) of the subcontinent. The <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">chapatis</em> were real, but no one knew for sure what they were for. Most Indians thought they were the work of the British, who—through the East India Company —had ruled over large portions of the country for almost a century (and were, according to one well-known prophecy, due to be unseated at that century’s end). The British, who had nothing to do with the mysterious transmission, guessed the breads were a piece of mischief-making on the part of the Indians, though opinion was divided as to whether the breads came from the east, near Calcutta (Kolkata), from the north, in the province of Oude (Avadh) or from Indore, in the center of the country. Extensive inquiries into the meaning of the breads produced plenty of theories but few facts; even the runners and watchmen who baked them and carried them from village to village “did not know why they had to run through the night with chupatties in their turbans,” though they took them just the same.<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span id="more-6682" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: purple;"><span id="goog_1023804147"></span><img alt="" class="size-medium wp-image-6691 " height="360" src="http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/history/files/2012/05/India-in-1857-441x500.jpg" style="border: 0px none; margin: 3px; padding: 0px;" width="318" /><span id="goog_1023804148"></span></span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: purple;"><span id="goog_1023804151"></span><span id="goog_1023804152"></span>India at the time of the 1857 rebellion. Click to view in higher resolution. Map: Wikicommons.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: purple;">The chupatty movement first came to British attention early in February 1857. One of the first officials to encounter it was Mark Thornhill, magistrate in the little Indian town of Mathura, near Agra. Thornhill came into his office one morning to find four “dirty little cakes of the coarsest flour, about the size and thickness of a biscuit” lying on his desk. He was informed that they had been brought in by one of his Indian police officers, who had received them from a puzzled village<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">chowkidar</em> (watchman). And where had the chowkidar got them? “A man had come out of the jungle with them, and given them to the watchman with instructions to make four like them and to take these to the watchman in the next village, who was to be told to do the same.”</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: purple;">Thornhill examined the chapatis in his office. They bore no message, and were identical to the breads cooked in every home in India, a staple part (even today) of the locals’ diet. Yet discreet inquiries soon revealed that many hundreds of <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">chapatis</em> were passing through his district, and through other parts of India as well—everywhere from the Narmada river in the south to the border with Nepal several hundred miles to the north. The breads formed, in short, what amounted to a culinary chain letter, one that was spreading with such spectacular rapidity that Thornhill’s boss, George Harvey, in Agra, calculated that a wave of <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">chapatis</em> was advancing across his province at a rate somewhere between 100 and 200 miles a night.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: purple;">That rate was particularly disconcerting because it was vastly swifter than the fastest British mails, and urgent inquiries were made as to the source and meaning of the “movement.” They yielded the information that the breads were being distributed far more widely than anyone in Agra had yet realized, and that the Indians who received them generally took them as some sort of a sign. Beyond that, however, opinions remained divided.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: purple;"><img alt="" class="size-medium wp-image-6698 " height="290" src="http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/history/files/2012/05/Indian-Mutiny-500x363.jpg" style="border: 0px none; margin: 3px; padding: 0px;" width="400" /></span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: purple;"><span id="goog_1023804155"></span><span id="goog_1023804156"></span>Rumors spread with great rapidity before and during the mutiny—not least because of the large number of British women and children at the mercy of the rebels in towns such as Delhi and Kanpur.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: purple;">From the North-West Provinces :</span></b></div>
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<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: purple;">I have the honour to inform you that a signal has passed through numbers of the villages in this district, the purport of which has not yet transpired…</span></b></em></div>
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<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: purple;">A Chowkeydar, on receiving one of these cakes, has had five or six more prepared, and thus they have passed from village to village.… An idea has been industriously circulated that the Government has given the order.</span></b></em></div>
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<b><span style="color: purple;">From the interrogation of an official at the King of Delhi’s court:</span></b></div>
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<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: purple;">I did hear of the circumstance. Some people said that it was a propitiatory observance to avert some impending calamity; others, that they were circulated by the Government to signify that the population throughout the country would be compelled to use the same food as the Christians, and thus be deprived of their religion; while others again said that the chupatties were circulated to make it known that Government was determined to force Christianity on the country by interfering with their food, and intimation of it was thus given that they might be prepared to resist the attempt.</span></b></em></div>
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<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: purple;">Q. Is the sending of such articles about the country a custom among the Hindoos or Mussulmans; and would the meaning be at once understood without any accompanying explanation?</span></b></em></div>
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<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: purple;">A. No, it is not by any means a custom; I am 50 years old, and never heard of such a thing before.</span></b></em></div>
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<b><span style="color: purple;">From Delhi:</span></b></div>
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<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: purple;">It was alluded to [in the native newspapers], and it was supposed to portend some coming disturbance, and was, moreover, understood as implying an invitation to the whole population of the country to unite for some secret objective afterwards to be disclosed.</span></b></em></div>
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<b><span style="color: purple;">From Awadh :</span></b></div>
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<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: purple;">Some time in February 1857, a curious occurrence took place. A Chowkeydar ran up to another village with two chupatties. He ordered his fellow-official to make ten more, and give two to each of the five nearest village Chowkeydars with the same instructions. In a few hours the whole country was in a stir, from Chowkeydars flying around with these cakes. The signal spread in all directions with wonderful celerity. The magistrates tried to stop it, but, in spite of all they could do, it passed along to the borders of the Punjab. There is reason to believe that this was originated by some intriguers of the old Court of Lucknow.</span></b></em></div>
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<b><span style="color: purple;">From the confidential physician to the King of Delhi:</span></b></div>
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<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: purple;">Nobody can tell what was the object of the distribution of the chupatties. It is not known who first projected the plan. All the people in the palace wondered what it could mean. I had no conversation with the King on the subject; but others talked in his presence about it, wondering what could be the object.</span></b></em></div>
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<b><span style="color: purple;"><span id="goog_1023804159"></span><img alt="" class="size-medium wp-image-6703 " height="500" src="http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/history/files/2012/05/Choakeedar-254x500.jpg" style="border: 0px none; margin: 3px; padding: 0px;" width="254" /><span id="goog_1023804160"></span></span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: purple;">A chowkidar–an Indian village watchman. All Indian villages had one, and it was these men, running between their homes and the nearest neighboring settlement with chapatis, who so effectively raised panic among the ruling British.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: purple;">Numerous explanations were considered. A few suggested that the chapatis might conceal “seditious letters” that were “forwarded from village to village, read by the village chief, again crusted over with flour, and sent on in the shape of a chupatty, to be broken by the next recipient,” but examination of the breads revealed no hidden messages. Some of the more knowledgeable British officials linked the spread of the chapatis to an effort to prevent the outbreak of cholera in central India and added that, since incidence of the disease was associated with the movement of the Company’s armies, “there was a widespread belief that the British were in fact responsible for the disease.” Another official suggested that the chupatty movement had been initiated somewhere in central India by dyers, anxious that their dyes “were not clearing properly,” or were the product of some spellwork aimed at protecting crops against hail.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: purple;">All in all, the British were extremely spooked by the spread of the chapatis. Vital though their Indian empire was to them, they controlled the subcontinent with a comparative handful of men—about 100,000 in all, less than half of whom were soldiers, ruling over a population of 250 million—and they were all too aware of just how inadequate these numbers would be in the event of any serious rebellion. That, combined with a declining number of British officers who understood India, spoke Indian languages fluently or had any real sympathy for the people whom they ruled, meant that the colonial hierarchy remained perpetually jittery. Tall tales, panic and misapprehension spread readily in such a climate, and plenty of people felt a certain disquiet in the early months of 1857. The British officer Richard Barter wrote:</span></b></div>
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<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: purple;">Lotus flowers and bits of goats’ flesh, so it was rumoured, were being passed from hand to hand, as well as chupatties. Symbols of unknown significance were chalked on the walls of towns; protective charms were on sale everywhere; an ominous slogan, Sub lal hogea hai (‘Everything has become red’) was being whispered.”</span></b></em></div>
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<b><span style="color: purple;"><img alt="" class="size-full wp-image-6706" height="140" src="http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/history/files/2012/05/mutinycartridge.jpg" style="border: 0px none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="225" /></span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: purple;"><span id="goog_1023804163"></span><span id="goog_1023804164"></span>A cartridge for the new Enfield rifle. Indian soldiers in the East India Company's armies believed they risked defilement because the new rounds were being issued greased with the fat of pigs and cows–untrue, but sufficient to spark the most dangerous uprising against British imperial rule since the American Revolution.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: purple;">It is no surprise, the historian Kim Wagner notes, that, faced with such a plethora of portents, “the British regarded with deep suspicion, bordering on paranoia, any type of communication in India which they could not understand.” The colonial administration well understood that rumors, however unfounded, could have serious consequences, and there were plenty of notably more dangerous urban legends about. One popular story, widely believed, suggested that the British were attempting the mass conversion of their subjects to Christianity by adulterating their flour with bone meal from cows and pigs, which was forbidden to Hindus and Moslems, respectively. Once defiled, the theory went, men who had consumed the forbidden meal would be shunned by their co-religionists and would be easier to bring into the Christian fold, or could be sent as soldiers overseas (crossing the “black water” being forbidden to Hindus of high caste). And, historically, much the same thing had happened before in times of trouble. Coconuts had passed at great speed from village to village in central India in 1818, at a time when the <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">mofussil</em> was being ravaged by large bands of merciless looters known as the <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Pindaris</em>. Most worryingly of all, some very similar rumors had once been recorded far to the south, in the Madras Presidency in 1806, at the time of a serious outbreak of mutiny among Indian soldiersstationed at Vellore . As John Kaye wrote a few years later:</span></b></div>
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<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: purple;">Among other wild fables, which took firm hold of the popular mind, was one to the effect that the Company’s officers had collected all the newly-manufactured salt, had divided it into two great heaps, and over one had sprinkled the blood of hogs, and over the other the blood of cows; that they had then sent it to be sold throughout the country of the pollution and desecration of the Mahommedans and Hindoos, that all might be brought to one caste and to one religion like the English.</span></b></em></div>
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<b><span style="color: purple;">It is not surprising that one of the many subsidiary rumors that accompanied the chupatty movement was that the breads were being carried and distributed, the eventual trial of the King of Delhi noted, “by the hands of the very lowest caste men that can be found; and the natives say that it is intended by Government to force or bribe the headmen to eat the bread, and thus loose their caste.” Hence the consumption of food supplied by the British was, notes Tapti Roy, commonly “considered as a token that they should likewise be compelled to embrace one faith, or, as they termed it, ‘One food and one faith.’ ”</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: purple;"><img alt="" class="size-full wp-image-6709 " height="295" src="http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/history/files/2012/05/Sepoys_load_cartridges.jpg" style="border: 0px none; margin: 3px; padding: 0px;" width="400" /></span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: purple;"><span id="goog_1023804167"></span><span id="goog_1023804168"></span>Indian soldiers in the service of the East India Company-who outnumbered British troops in India five to one–loading cartridges.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: purple;">By the time of the chupatty movement, no more than a handful of aged India hands could remember such long-ago events as the Vellore Mutiny. But those who did would not have been surprised by what happened next, for some very similar beliefs were spreading in the early months of 1857. A rumor that spread like wildfire among the <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">sepoys</em>(Indian soldiers) stationed at cantonments throughout the north of the country was that the British had come up with yet another diabolical contrivance for breaking their caste and defiling their bodies: the greased cartridge.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: purple;">It was no secret that the Company’s armies had been making preparations for the introduction of a new sort of ammunition for a new model of Enfield rifle . To be loaded, this cartridge had to be torn open so that the powder it contained could be poured down the barrel of the muzzle-loading gun; because the soldier’s hands were full, this was done with the teeth. Then the bullet had to be rammed down the rifled barrel. To facilitate its passage, the cartridges were greased with tallow, which, in the U.K., was made of beef and pork fat. The greased cartridges thus posed precisely the same threat to observant sepoys as would flour adulterated with the blood of pigs and cows, and though the British recognized the problem early on, and never issued a single greased cartridge to any Indian troops, fear that the Company was plotting to defile them took hold among the men of many Indian regiments and resulted in the outbreak of rebellion in the cantonment of Meerut in April 1857.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: purple;"><span id="goog_1023804171"></span><img alt="" class="size-medium wp-image-6714 " height="245" src="http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/history/files/2012/05/Highlanders-500x306.png" style="border: 0px none; margin: 3px; padding: 0px;" width="400" /><span id="goog_1023804172"></span></span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: purple;">Scottish Highlanders charge during the suppression of the rebellion of 1857.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: purple;">The revolt of 1857, which the British call the Indian Mutiny but many Indians prefer to think of as the First War of Independence, was the defining event in British imperial history. It came as a greater shock than the loss of the American colonies, and prompted reprisals far more hysterical and vicious than those visited on rebellious subjects elsewhere in the Empire. In one sense, this was not surprising; since India had a large and settled British population, there were more women and children around for the rebels to kill. In another, however, the appalling atrocities visited by the Company’s armies on the people of northern India were far from justified, since the British proved to be just as prone to rumors and panics as their Indian subjects. Wild stories circulated freely in the panic-stricken atmosphere of 1857, and there were enough real massacres and murders to make almost anything seem possible. Thousands of entirely blameless Indians who found themselves caught up in the hysterical aftermath of the rebellion were flogged, or blown from cannon, or forced to clean bloodied paving stones using only their tongues before being summarily hanged.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: purple;">By the time the British came to examine the causes of the rebellion, therefore, the chupatty movement had assumed a fresh significance. It was generally believed, in retrospect, that the circulation of the breads had been a warning of trouble ahead, and that the wave of <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">chapatis</em> must have been set in motion by a cunning group of determined conspirators who had begun plotting the rising months, if not years, in advance. The rapid spread of disorder in 1857–when regiment after regiment had mutinied, and revolts against British rule had sprung up throughout most of northern and central India–made it almost impossible to believe that the rebellion could have been spontaneous (as most modern historians concede it was), and considerable effort was made to chronicle the movement and trace the spread of the anomalous <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">chapatis</em>.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: purple;">The irony is that all this effort actually supplied historians with evidence that the chupatty movement had nothing at all to do with the outbreak of disorder some months later–and that the circulation of the breads early in 1857 was nothing more than a bizarre coincidence.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: purple;">Kim Wagner, who has made the most recent study of the phenomenon, concludes that the movement had its origins in Indore, a princely state still nominally independent of British rule, and that it began as an attempt to ward off the ravages of cholera:</span></b></div>
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<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: purple;">The geographic circulation of the chapattis was not systematic or exponential; their transmission was erratically linear and different ‘currents’ moved at different speeds. Some currents simply ran cold, while others moved in parallel, or paused before continuing. Thus, long after the chapattis reached their northern-most point of Meerut, there was another northwards distribution from Cawnpore to Fattehgarh, which was widely reported in the newspapers… The circulation took place along well-established routes of transmission, which followed the main trade and pilgrimage routes between the bigger cities.</span></b></em></div>
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<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: purple;">At some point the chapattis passed beyond the limits of their meaningful transmission and simply continued through the country as a “blank” message. This allowed different meanings an interpretations to be attributed to them, and the chapattis became an index of people’s thoughts and worries.</span></b></em></div>
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<b><span style="color: purple;">Furthermore, the superstitious impulse that still encourages the transmission of chain letters clearly applied in 1857:</span></b></div>
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<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: purple;">Although the original specific meaning of the chapattis had been lost early in the distribution, the dire consequences of breaking the chain of transmission remained, and thus ensured their successful circulation over an immense area. In the event, the chapattis were not ‘harbingers of a coming storm.’ They were what people made them into, and the significance attributed to them was a symptom of the pervasive distrust and general consternation amongst the Indian population during the early months of 1857.</span></b></em></div>
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<b><span style="color: purple;">Seen from a distance of 150 years, the chupatty movement can appear a quaint anomaly, a strange and colorful rumor of interest mostly to historians and psychologists. And yet it’s just as possible to see the bloody results of the mutual incomprehension between the British and native communities in India as a potent reminder that mistrust and panic can have serious consequences.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: purple;">These are deep waters that we trawl in, and dangerous ones, too.</span></b></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03239339556333372137noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3233320805945685766.post-37872625722441456712012-10-16T11:32:00.002+05:302012-10-18T12:28:05.763+05:30<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Existence of Ancient Electricity</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>what they did with it? STILL remains hidden</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Here are the top ten contenders for the existence of ancient electricity. The electric catfish and the cat fur and amber effect are well recorded and not in dispute. The Coso Artefact is almost certainly the misinterpretation of evidence. As for the rest ... well they're open to debate</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b>CAT FUR AND AMBER GENERATOR</b></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><b><img alt="Cats fur and amber electricity generator" height="288" src="http://www.aquiziam.com/pictures/ancient-electricity-generator.jpg" width="353" /></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>REPRODUCTION OF A FUR AND AMBER GENERATOR - ANCIENT GREECE.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">By spinning the disks in opposite directions a static electrical charge could be transferred to the gold foil strips to create visible spark</span><span style="color: purple; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">s</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>There can be no doubt that ancient civilizations were aware of static electricity even if they may not have fully understood it. They also appreciated the godlike power of lightning and must have been curious to observe this effect replicated in miniature when the fur of a cat was rubbed against certain materials in a darkened room. The effects of static electricity were first recorded by a Greek philosopher, Thales of Miletus, who lived between 624 BC and 546 BC. He is said to have experimented with amber, which the Greeks referred to as Elektron, and cat fur to create an electrical discharge as well as magnetism. From this observation a simple machine consisting of two spinning disks, one covered with leopard fur and one coated with glass or amber could be connected to gold axles and foil strips which would produce an electrical charge capable of generating sparks several inches in length. </b></span><br />
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b> ELECTRIC EELS - SHOCK THERAPY</b></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.aquiziam.com/pictures/electric-eel.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span id="goog_1023804121"></span><img alt="Electric Catfish" border="0" height="288" src="http://www.aquiziam.com/pictures/electric-eel.jpg" style="background-color: #ae9473; text-align: center;" width="353" /><span id="goog_1023804122"></span></b></span></a></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>ELECTRIC EEL OR ELECTROPHORUS ELECTRICUS THE KNIFE FISH</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>The Knife Fish of South America is capable of delivering between 500 - 600 volts of electricity. The Nile (Electric) Catfish, Malapterurus Electricus, is capable of delivering approximately 350 volts. Photocredit: Wikimedia Commons: Steinhart Aquarium - Photographer: Stan Shebs - 2005</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Although it looks like an eel, Electrophorus Electricus is actually a Knife Fish that is able to generate and deliver significant electric shocks of up to 600 volts. The ancient Egyptians referred to an electric catfish, Malapterurus Electricus, as the "Thunderer of the Nile" which indicates that they had already made the connection to storm-related atmospheric discharges - lightning. According to various sources the Greeks and Romans were familiar with these creatures and may well have bred them in captivity. Historic records show that they were certainly farming many other types of exotic fish both for food and for amusement. Scribonus Largus, a physician at the court of the Roman Emperor Claudius (c.47AD), is reported to have written that these 'torpedo fish' could be used to treat a wide variety of ailments. They were used to numb the feet of gout sufferers as well as those suffering from persistent headaches. If this is true then this is the first recorded use of shock therapy. As recently as 2009 doctors in Boston have been successfully experimenting with electric currents to block migraines.</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b>THE BAGHDAD BATTERY</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span id="goog_1023804118"></span><img alt="Baghdad Battery" height="288" src="http://www.aquiziam.com/pictures/baghdad-battery.jpg" style="background-color: #ae9473;" width="353" /><span id="goog_1023804119"></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>EXAMPLE OF A BAGHDAD BATTERY</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>Discovered in the archives of the National Museum of Iraq in 1938. Believed to have been originally excavated in 1936 in the village of Khuyut Rabbou'a. Capable of generating between 0.75 and 1.1 volts.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>In 1938 the Director of the National Museum of Iraq, Wilhelm König, discovered a number of curious terracotta pots in the archives. Each one was approximately 13 cm in height with a capped 3.3 cm opening at the top. Each pot contained an open-ended copper cylinder and inside this was a small iron rod. These artefacts strongly resembled simple galvanic batteries and in 1940 König published a scientific paper proposing that these objects may well have been used to generate electrical current which could have been used for electroplating objects with either gold or silver. Mainstream archaeologists continue to doubt this theory even though reproductions using lemon juice as an electrolyte have been proven to work and no other sensible explanation exists for the iron and copper contents. The pots are likely to have been created during the Sassanid Period (224 AD - 640 AD). The debate continues.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b>THE LIGHTHOUSE OF PHAROS</b></span></div>
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<b><span id="goog_1023804113"></span><img alt="Pharos / Alexandra Lighthouse" height="288" src="http://www.aquiziam.com/pictures/ancient-electricity-pharos-lighthouse.jpg" width="353" /><span id="goog_1023804114"></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>THE LIGHTHOUSE OF PHAROS / ALEXANDRIA</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>The lighthouse survived from 247 BC to 1303 AD when it was severely damaged in an earthquake. By 1408 it was simply a pile of rubble which was then used to build a medieval fortress by Al-Ashraf Sayf al-Din Qa'it Bay, the Mamluk Sultan of Egypt, which remains standing today. It is possible to still visit Qaitbay Castle.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Considered to be one of the seven wonders of the ancient world, construction of the 130m tall Pharos Lighthouse probably began around 280 BC on a small island just off the coast of Alexandria, Egypt. Originally commissioned by the Macedonian general, Ptolemy Soter who became ruler of Egypt after the death of Alexander the Great, it was completed during the reign of his son Ptolemy Philadelphos. Today the island of Pharos has become part of the mainland and shields a natural harbour. The building was erected to house a brilliant light to assist ships to find the port at night. Historic reports claim that the light could be seen nearly thirty miles out to sea and that it housed a beam so bright that could blind sailors and burn enemy ships. This has given rise to the theory that only an electrical arc lamp and a huge concave mirror could have created this effect. Proponents of this theory admit that the source of the power is a mystery but that an electric light is the only possible explanation for the extraordinary intensity of the lamp.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b>THE DENDERA LIGHTS</b></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span id="goog_1023804110"></span><img alt="Dendera Lights - Temple of Hathor" height="288" src="http://www.aquiziam.com/pictures/dendera-lights-electricity.jpg" width="353" /><span id="goog_1023804111"></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>THE DENDERA LIGHTS</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>The picture above is not the best representation but is the only one available on Wikimedia Commons. From the point of view of the proponents of the 'lights' theory the beam can be see emerging from the lotus flower socket. A cable appears to run from the battery via the isolator to the lamp. Under the light are people engaged in activities made possible by the illumination. The snake is often referred to as a lamp filament but, if the lights are real, is more likely to represent the flickering of the arc light. There are other pictures on the internet that are even more suggestive and it is worth reviewing them if you are interested in this subject. Real or imagined - you decide?</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Within the Temple of Hathor, which is part of the Dendera (Tentyra) Temple Complex in Egypt, are a series of carvings that many people believe depict the sophisticated use of electricity to generate light. Items identified are as follows: an arc light lamp (horizontal) several upright lamps, lamp socket, arc light flicker (snake) electric cables, an isolator and even a large upright battery. If historians and archaeologists believed that the Egyptians from this period used electricity then this would probably be considered a classic example. A further point that is often overlooked is that Hathor was a goddess who is usually shown with a sun disk suspended between two horns exactly like the reflecting mirror of an arc-lamp - even the dimensions are optimal. Although the equipment in the images may seem obvious it should also be noted that many historians, archaeologists and Egyptologists strongly deny that the images are anything more than the representation of a fertility rite based on Egyptian mythology. Proponents of the 'lights' theory are often dismissed as fringe scientists while mainstream Egyptologists are often accused of hiding behind conveniently concocted myths and retentive thinking. Both groups seem certain in their beliefs. </b></span><br />
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b>THE ABYDOS MACHINES</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><img alt="The Abydos Machines" height="288" src="http://www.aquiziam.com/pictures/ancient-electricity-helicopter.jpg" width="353" /></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>Top Left: Helicopter, Top Right: Hovercraft</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>Centre Right - High: Airship / Dirigible</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>Bottom Right: Spaceship / Jet Fighter </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Roughly 450 kilometres south of Cairo is the ancient city-complex of Abydos. It is widely considered to be one of the most important archaeological sites in Egypt although for some quite differing reasons. Mainstream Egyptologists recognise it as the site of the Osiris and Isis cult while proponents of ancient electricity believe it holds definite proof that ancient civilisations were significantly more advanced than historians will acknowledge. The reason for this is that within the Hypostyle Hall of the Temple of Seti I there are a series of carvings that clearly depict modern aircraft, particularly a helicopter and dirigible. Mainstream archaeologists claim that they are merely a coincidence caused by over-carving while proponents of ancient technology state that this is actually misleading and that attempts to recreate the over-carving effect have been less than conclusive. In addition, they point out that the coincidence required to produce these images is staggeringly unlikely. </b></span><br />
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b>THE COSO ARTEFACT</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><img alt="The Coso Artefact" height="288" src="http://www.aquiziam.com/pictures/ancient-electricity-coso-artefact.jpg" style="background-color: #ae9473;" width="353" /></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>EXAMPLE OF A COSO ARTEFACT </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>(Probably a case of mistaken identification)</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>Named after the Coso Mountain Range where it was found above the Owens Dry Lake on the edge of Death Valley.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>X-rays of the Coso artefact revealed additional pieces that the Spark Plug Collectors of America identified as parts of a 1920’s spark plug or something similar</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>The area around the town of Olancha in California, America, is popular destination for 'rock hunters' and attracts both professional and amateur geologists. On Monday the 13th February 1961 three geode collectors, Wallace Lane, Mike Mikesell and Virginia Maxey discovered an interesting specimen which Mike Mikesell took home and cut in half with a diamond edged saw. Inside the specimen he discovered what appeared to be an off-white ceramic cylinder with a small metal core running through the centre - in short, a sparkplug. According to Ms. Maxey the specimen was examined by a professional geologist who estimated that the casing was at least 500,000 years old. The identity of the geologist has never been revealed. The discovery caused significant controversy with some experts claiming that the rock was nothing more than a 'concretion' of rust and localised fossils. Perhaps because of the controversy the finders refused to further display or discuss the artefact after 1969. The location of the artefact is currently unknown as are the people who found it although it is believed that Lane passed away in 2008. </b></span><br />
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b>TEMPLE LIGHT OF ISIS / VENUS</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span id="goog_1023804107"></span><img alt="Temple Lights of Venus / Isis" height="288" src="http://www.aquiziam.com/pictures/ancient-isis-lamp.jpg" style="background-color: #ae9473;" width="353" /><span id="goog_1023804108"></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>THE LIGHT OF THE TEMPLE VENUS / ISIS</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>(The quotation from St. Augustine's book</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>The City of God, Book XXI, Chapter 6:)</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>" ... that there was, or is, a temple of Venus in which a candelabrum set in the open air holds a lamp, which burns so strongly that no storm or rain extinguishes it, and which is therefore called, like the stone mentioned above, the asbestos or inextinguishable lamp."</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Aurelius Augustine was born in North Africa in 354 AD and spent much of his early life dedicated to passionate pursuits, philosophy and academic studies. At the age of 32 he became a Christian and after some time in Rome he journeyed to Hippo Regius (near modern day Annaba) in Tunisia where he was persuaded to become first a priest and later Bishop of the town. He remained an academic at heart and was one of the most prolific writers of his time. In his work, City of God, (book 11 chapter 6) he describes a temple in Egypt dedicated to Venus (Isis) in which there is a lamp that requires an asbestos base and is completely unaffected by the weather. The correct translation is under the picture to the left. It worth pointing out that some websites misquote this passage to emphasise the argument while others suggest that Augustine himself visited the temple. In fact, Augustine was referring to books written by earlier travellers. However, the story is intriguing and was considered relevant enough to be selected as an example by the Bishop. St. Augustine suggested that the lamp might have been the work of corrupted men or even a resident demon.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span style="color: purple;"> </span><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: large;">ARC OF THE COVENANT</span></b></span><br />
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<span style="color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><img alt="Relief of the Ark of the Covenant" height="288" src="http://www.aquiziam.com/pictures/ark-of-covenant.jpg" style="background-color: #ae9473;" width="353" /></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>THE ARK OF THE COVENANT</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>Said to have extraordinary powers. May have been and arc lamp. Featured in Episode 29 of Mythbusters, a Discovery Channel programme first broadcast on the 23rd March 2005. The Ark of the Covenant has been lost for many centuries and may have been removed from the Temple of Solomon during the Babylonian conquest of Jerusalem in 587 BC.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>According to the Old Testament, which records the history of the Abrahamic religions, God summoned Moses to Mount Sinai (Horeb) and gave him the Ten Commandments inscribed on two tablets of stone . This list of divine laws specified the way in which the people were to live their lives. Five of these laws form the basis of all modern legal systems. To store the stone tablets the people of Moses built a chest according to specific instructions provided to them by God. This was to be the Ark of the Covenant and since its construction there have been countless references to its 'power' such as its ability to part waters, to destroy buildings such as the walls of Jericho and to emit beams of light sometimes referred to as the power of God. Based on descriptions found in the Old Testament a number of researchers now believe that the wings of the cherub may have acted like an arc lamp or as two electrical charged poles that could induce a sense of the divine. This proposal was recently featured on the Discovery Channel's Myth Busters programme and found plausible. </b></span><br />
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>ELECTROPLATED ARTEFACTS</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span id="goog_1023804104"></span><img alt="Sumerian Golden Artefacts" height="288" src="http://www.aquiziam.com/pictures/persian-gold.jpg" style="background-color: #ae9473;" width="353" /><span id="goog_1023804105"></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>GOLDEN OBJECTS FROM SUMERIA</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>It is fair to point out that there are techniques that can mimic electroplating. The first is electro-deposition which is possible without an electric current and the Tumbaga process that involves the production of a seemingly pure gold object even though it has a high percentage of copper. To achieve this the surface copper is oxidised and dissolved leaving only a gold coating which is polished into a plated surface.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Over the centuries a number of artefacts ranging from coins to small religious statues have been discovered with very thin coatings of gold or silver that is typical of modern electroplating techniques. In 1938 Wilhelm König, the Director of the National Museum of Iraq, discovered a series of small objects that strongly suggested the use of electroplating using electrical current rather than the less effective electrochemical process. Several small vases dating from 2,500BC appeared to have been electroplated and were kept at the Baghdad museum. In 1851 archaeologist August Mariette claimed to have found electroplated objects at a dig near the Sphinx in Egypt. In 2006 Stefano Natali and Giuseppe Giovannelli of the University of Rome discovered a coin that had been deliberated plated with silver around 250 BC to create a forgery. A number of pre-Columbian golden artefacts show traces of plated surfaces. There are undoubtedly many more items in the collections of the great museums that may well turn out to have been electroplated rather than solid gold or silver items. </b></span><br />
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<span style="color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Human history is a vast subject. It took Edward Gibbon 17 years to research and write his famous work, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. It was published in six volumes and contains more than 1.5 million words. Naturally he wasn't impressed when critics believed his views were distorted by his possible paganism.</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>In general, history is a factual subject that can be fixed in place to create solid foundations upon which to build a picture of times gone by. However, if something doesn't fit the existing jigsaw, one that has taken centuries to establish, then it is often ignored. What if someone discovered that the Battle of Hastings had actually taken place in 1067 instead of 1066? What if Benjamin Franklin turned out to be a British spy and documents surfaced to prove that George Washington was actually a Royalist supporter? Beliefs and ideologies are based on perceptions of history and if those perceptions are wrong then maybe the ideologies are too. It's because of this that historians from every culture are very reluctant to engage with ideas that might turn established history upside down. Ancient Electricity is one such subject</b></span><br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03239339556333372137noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3233320805945685766.post-56885353404268736302012-10-14T20:32:00.002+05:302012-10-14T20:32:33.074+05:30<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"><span class="art-PostHeader" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Hitler Should Be Given Credit for the Independence of India in 1947 </span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">, NOT Gandhi,</span></span></h2>
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<b style="color: orange; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify;">history is written by the victors</b></div>
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<b style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17.91666603088379px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">May 29, 1942 </b><br style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17.91666603088379px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><div style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17.91666603088379px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
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<i style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17.91666603088379px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: purple;"><b>Hitler meets Subhas Chandra Bose, leader of the Indian National Army which fought against British colonial rule. The 'Free India' army had been formed by Germany, initially made up of Indian POW's fighting for Britain, they would be trained for the fight against British rule in India. Subhas Chandra Bose's visit inspired the enlistment of Indian expatriates in Germany. One of the legionaries of the Free India Army, Shantaram Vishnu Samanta, claims that Hitler gave the following address to them</b></span></i><i style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17.91666603088379px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">:</i><br style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17.91666603088379px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><blockquote style="border-left-color: rgb(208, 229, 242); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 3px; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17.91666603088379px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px;">
<span style="color: red;"><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><i style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">You (Indians) are fortunate having been born in a country of glorious cultural traditions and a colossal manpower.</i></b><i style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> I am impressed by the burning passion with which you and your Netaji seek to liberate your country from foreign domination. </i><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><i style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Your Netaji's status is even greater than mine. While I am the leader of eighty million Germans, he is the leader of 400 million Indians. In all respects he is a greater leader and a greater general than myself. I salutehim, and Germany salutes him.</i></b><i style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> It is the duty of all Indians to accept him as their führer and obey him implicitly. I have no doubt that if you do this, his guidance will lead India very soon to freedom.</i></span></blockquote>
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span class="yshortcuts" id="lw_1350225176_0" style="background-color: white; cursor: pointer; line-height: 16px;">Hitler</span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 16px;"> was keen to support disruption in </span><span class="yshortcuts cs4-visible" id="lw_1350225176_1" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(54, 99, 136); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 2px; cursor: pointer; line-height: 16px;">India</span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 16px;">, anything to interrupt the conduct of the war by the British and Commonwealth nations.</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><br style="background-color: white; line-height: 16px;" /><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 16px;">The Indian Legion was a group of Indian prisoners of war captured in North Africa, who were prepared to fight against Britain in India.</span></b></span></div>
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<tr><td><img alt="Members of the Free India Legion" border="0" height="152" hspace="0" src="http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/40103000/jpg/_40103902_legionaries-203.jpg" vspace="0" width="203" /><div class="cap">
Legionnaires were recruited from German POW camps</div>
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The information they gave British intelligence was considered so sensitive that in 1945 it was locked away, not due to be released until the year 2021.<br />
Now, 17 years early, the BBC's Document programme has been given special access to this secret file.<br />
It reveals how thousands of Indian soldiers who had joined Britain in the fight against fascism swapped their oaths to the British king for others to Adolf Hitler - an astonishing tale of loyalty, despair and betrayal that threatened to rock British rule in India, known as the Raj.<br />
The story the German officers told their interrogators began in Berlin on 3 April 1941. This was the date that the left-wing Indian revolutionary leader, Subhas Chandra Bose, arrived in the German capital.<br />
Bose, who had been arrested 11 times by the British in India, had fled the Raj with one mission in mind. That was to seek Hitler's <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3684288.stm#" id="_GPLITA_4" in_rurl="http://i.trkjmp.com/click?v=SU46MjY2MjI6MTQxNzpoZWxwOjRkNGVkOWZkYzJlOTFkYzkzZTRkZjI1MjNhYWYwMjMwOnotMTI2MC02ODIzOTpuZXdzLmJiYy5jby51azoxNjk1NjphMjAxODQxNzJlNTlhY2EzMGRjNzQ1MTc0NjllMzMxMw" title="Click to Continue > by Text-Enhance">help</a> in pushing the British out of India.<br />
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<img alt="" border="0" height="13" src="http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/nol/shared/img/v3/start_quote_rb.gif" width="24" /> He wanted 500 volunteers who would be trained in Germany and then parachuted into India. Everyone raised their hands. Thousands of us volunteered <img align="right" alt="" border="0" height="13" src="http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/nol/shared/img/v3/end_quote_rb.gif" vspace="0" width="23" /></div>
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Lieutenant Barwant Singh</div>
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Six months later, with the help of the German foreign ministry, he had set up what he called "The <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3684288.stm#" id="_GPLITA_2" in_rurl="http://i.trkjmp.com/click?v=SU46MjY2MjI6MTQxNzpmcmVlOjA2NjM5MDI0NWZiNjM1OGMwMmUxMmY5MmNiM2QyY2U1OnotMTI2MC02ODIzOTpuZXdzLmJiYy5jby51azoxNjk1NjphMjAxODQxNzJlNTlhY2EzMGRjNzQ1MTc0NjllMzMxMw" title="Click to Continue > by Text-Enhance">Free</a> India Centre", from where he published leaflets, wrote speeches and organised broadcasts in support of his cause.<br />
By the end of 1941, Hitler's regime officially recognised his provisional "Free India Government" in exile, and even agreed to help Chandra Bose raise an army to fight for his cause. It was to be called "The Free India Legion".<br />
Bose hoped to raise a force of about 100,000 men which, when armed and kitted out by the Germans, could be used to invade British India.<br />
He decided to raise them by going on recruiting visits to Prisoner-of-War camps in Germany which, at that time, were<a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3684288.stm#" id="_GPLITA_1" in_rurl="http://i.trkjmp.com/click?v=SU46MjY2MjI6MTQxNzpob21lOmFiOTY5MDE3MjhhZTMwMWI0YWQ3ZTIxMWQzOTkzYzZhOnotMTI2MC02ODIzOTpuZXdzLmJiYy5jby51azoxNjk1NjphMjAxODQxNzJlNTlhY2EzMGRjNzQ1MTc0NjllMzMxMw" title="Click to Continue > by Text-Enhance">home</a> to tens of thousands of Indian soldiers captured by Rommel in North Africa.<br />
Volunteers<br />
Finally, by August 1942, Bose's recruitment drive got fully into swing. Mass ceremonies were held in which dozens of Indian POWs joined in mass oaths of allegiance to Adolf Hitler.<br />
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Chandra Bose did not live to see Indian independence</div>
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These are the words that were used by men that had formally sworn an oath to the British king: "I swear by God this holy oath that I will obey the leader of the German race and <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3684288.stm#" id="_GPLITA_0" in_rurl="http://i.trkjmp.com/click?v=SU46MjY2MjI6MTQxNzpzdGF0ZTpiNjdlNGNjYjgzYWJhY2QxMjcxOWM1MzY3OWQzNTMyNTp6LTEyNjAtNjgyMzk6bmV3cy5iYmMuY28udWs6MTY5NTY6YTIwMTg0MTcyZTU5YWNhMzBkYzc0NTE3NDY5ZTMzMTM" title="Click to Continue > by Text-Enhance">state</a>, Adolf Hitler, as the commander of the German armed forces in the fight for India, whose leader is Subhas Chandra Bose."<br />
I managed to track down one of Bose's former recruits, Lieutenant Barwant Singh, who can still remember the Indian revolutionary arriving at his prisoner of war camp.<br />
"He was introduced to us as a leader from our country who wanted to talk to us," he said.<br />
"He wanted 500 volunteers who would be trained in Germany and then parachuted into India. Everyone raised their hands. Thousands of us volunteered."<br />
Demoralised<br />
In all 3,000 Indian prisoners of war signed up for the Free India Legion.<br />
But instead of being delighted, Bose was worried. A left-wing admirer of Russia, he was devastated when Hitler's tanks rolled across the Soviet border.<br />
Matters were made even worse by the fact that after Stalingrad it became clear that the now-retreating German army would be in no position to offer Bose help in driving the British from faraway India.<br />
When the Indian revolutionary met Hitler in May 1942 his suspicions were confirmed, and he came to believe that the Nazi leader was more interested in using his men to win propaganda victories than military ones.<br />
So, in February 1943, Bose turned his back on his legionnaires and slipped secretly away aboard a submarine bound for Japan.<br />
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Rudolf Hartog remembers parting with his Indian friends</div>
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There, with Japanese help, he was to raise a force of 60,000 men to march on India.<br />
Back in Germany the men he had recruited were left leaderless and demoralised. After much dissent and even a mutiny, the German High Command despatched them first to Holland and then south-west France, where they were told to help fortify the coast for an expected allied landing.<br />
After D-Day, the Free India Legion, which had now been drafted into Himmler's Waffen SS, were in headlong retreat through France, along with regular German units.<br />
It was during this time that they gained a wild and loathsome reputation amongst the civilian population.<br />
The former French Resistance fighter, Henri Gendreaux, remembers the Legion passing through his home town of Ruffec: "I do remember several cases of rape. A lady and her two daughters were raped and in another case they even shot dead a little two-year-old girl."<br />
Finally, instead of driving the British from India, the Free India Legion were themselves driven from France and then Germany.<br />
Their German military translator at the time was Private Rudolf Hartog, who is now 80.<br />
"The last day we were together an armoured tank appeared. I thought, my goodness, what can I do? I'm finished," he said.<br />
"But he only wanted to collect the Indians. We embraced each other and cried. You see that was the end."<br />
Mutinies<br />
A year later the Indian legionnaires were sent back to India, where all were released after short jail sentences.<br />
But when the British put three of their senior officers on trial near Delhi there were mutinies in the army and protests on the streets.<br />
With the British now aware that the Indian army could no longer be relied upon by the Raj to do its bidding, independence followed soon after.<br />
Not that Subhas Chandra Bose was to see the day he had fought so hard for. He died in 1945.<br />
Since then little has been heard of Lieutenant Barwant Singh and his fellow legionnaires.<br />
At the end of the war the BBC was forbidden from broadcasting their story and this remarkable saga was locked away in the archives, until now. Not that Lieutenant Singh has ever forgotten those dramatic days.</b></span><div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>"In front of my eyes I can see how we all looked, how we would all sing and how we all talked about what eventually would happen to us all," he said</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif, MS sans serif; font-size: 13px;">. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: orange; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>World War II had a profound effect on the colonial powers because it completely destroyed their economies. Although Hitler committed crimes against humanity, I give him credit—and not Gandhi—for India’s independence immediately after World War II. Hitler destroyed the economies of Britain and France to such an extent that they were no longer able to financially maintain their military forces, and were hence incapable of containing the burgeoning freedom movements in their colonies. It is worth noting that Britain was in such bad shape that it received about one-fourth of the total aid given under the Marshall Plan. Regardless of Gandhi or any other charismatic leader, Britain would have left India in 1947 purely for financial reasons, due to its wholly collapsed economy. After WWII, Britain left not only India but nearly all its other holdings, including Jordan in 1946, Palestine in 1947, Sri Lanka in 1948, Myanmar in 1948, and Egypt in 1952. For the same reason, France also had to grant independence to Laos in 1949 and Cambodia in 1953, and had to leave Vietnam in 1954. Had there been no Hitler and no World War II, it most probably would have taken another 30 or more years for India and some of the other colonies to achieve independence.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: orange; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Another major consequence of World War II was that it greatly hastened Indian political independence. The highly publicized Cripps Mission that took place in India in 1942 was essentially a political ploy approved by Churchill to buy time for Britain and to try to assuage anti-colonialist feelings in the U.S.[1]</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: orange; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>By the end of war, there was a loss of purpose at the very center of the imperial system. The gentlemanly administrators who managed the Raj no longer had the heart to devise new moves against increasing odds, not least because after 1939 the majority of the Indian Civil Service were themselves Indian. In 1945 the new Viceroy, Wavell, commented on the “weakness and weariness of the importance of the instrument still our disposal in the shape of the British element in the Indian Civil Service. The town had been lost to opponents of the Raj; the countryside had slipped beyond control. Widespread discontent in the army was followed in 1946 by a mutiny in the navy. It was then Wavell, the unfortunate messenger, reported to London that India had become ungovernable [which finally led to the independence of India].</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: orange; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>There is a saying that history is written by the victors of war. One of the greatest myths, first propagated by the Indian Congress Party in 1947 upon receiving the transfer of power from the British, and then by court historians, is that India received its independence as a result of Mahatma Gandhi’s non-violence movement. This is one of the supreme inaccuracies of Indian history because had there been no Hitler and no World War II, Gandhi’s movement would have slowly fizzled out because gaining full independence would have taken several more decades. By that time, Gandhi would have long been dead, and he would have gone down in history as simply one of several great Indian freedom fighters of the times, such as Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai, Motilal Nehru, Dada Bhai Naoroji, and C.R. Das. He would never have received the vast publicity that he did for his nonviolence movement. Political independence for India was achieved not by Mahatma Gandhi, but rather by Hitler rendering the British Empire a bankrupt entity.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: orange; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>In fact, Gandhi’s popularity among the masses had decreased substantially already in the 1930s, perhaps partially because in reality Gandhi had no idea of how to bring about India’s independence. At the Madras Congress session in 1927, when Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose, two other freedom movement leaders, succeeded in having a resolution passed declaring India’s complete independence, Gandhi was annoyed, and hence—only to cater to Gandhi—the Madras resolution was modified to request dominion status under the British the following year at the Calcutta Congress Session in 1928.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: orange; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Subhas Chandra Bose was a genius with a superlative academic record. After only six months of preparation, he stood fourth in the prestigious Indian Civil Services (ICS) examination, which in those days was held at regular intervals in Britain. In his book The Indian Struggle, Bose described his first meeting with Gandhi in 1921:</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: orange; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>I began to heap question upon question…The reply to the first question satisfied me…His reply to the second question was disappointing and his reply to the third question was no better…My reason told me clearly…that there was a deplorable lack of clarity in the plan which the Mahatma had formulated and that he himself had no clear idea of the successive stages of the campaign which would bring India to her cherished goal of freedom.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: orange; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Bose was unanimously elected Congress Party president in 1938. The following year, he decided that the party should launch a nationwide civil disobedience movement, giving the British six months’ notice. With this goal in mind, he decided to run for re-election as party president. This was completely within precedent; just before his term, Nehru had also been Congress Party president for two terms. Gandhi, however, was not pleased. He threw his entire support behind Sitaramayya, another senior Congress leader. Despite this, Bose defeated him. Gandhi said publicly that the defeat of Sitaramayya was his own defeat. He then manipulated his followers in ensuing executive committee meetings in such a way that he forced Bose to resign from the party. Commenting on this, Aurobindo Ghosh, the nationally famous freedom fighter turned renunciate, stated:</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: orange; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>The Congress at the present stage—what is it but a Fascist organization? Gandhi is the dictator like Stalin, I won’t say like Hitler: what Gandhi says they accept and even the Working Committee follows him; then it goes to the All-India Congress Committee which adopts it, and then the Congress. There is no opportunity for any difference of opinion, except for Socialists who are allowed to differ provided they don’t seriously differ. Whatever resolutions they pass are obligatory on all the provinces whether the resolutions suit the provinces or not. There is no room for any other independent opinion. Everything is fixed up before and the people are only allowed to talk over it—like Stalin’s Parliament.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: orange; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Ultimately, however, Gandhi and the Congress Party opted for a “Quit India Movement” against the British in 1942 and he spread the slogan “Do or Die,” which in fact Subhas had proposed in 1938. The British government arrested all the top Congress Party leaders and thus killed the Quit India Movement before it had a chance to gather steam. It fizzled out entirely within a matter of months.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: orange; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Although Bose’s Indian National Army (INA), which drew its cadre from Indian POW’s in Japanese camps and fought along with Japanese forces on India’s eastern front towards the end of the war, failed in its ultimate mission, indirectly it succeeded in causing the British to leave India early. When Japan surrendered, the British charged 20,000 INA men with treason. They decided to hold the trial in public at the Red Fort in Delhi. The first three of Bose’s officers to be tried were a Hindu, a Muslim, and a Sikh. This immediately united Indians of all three religions against the British. While the Muslim League was at that time fighting with the Congress Party and demanding a separate state for Muslims, on this issue it joined Congress in the now-national movement against the INA officers’ trial. Most of Bose’s army cadres were Muslims.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: orange; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>On November 21 and 23, 1945, a mass demonstration took place in Kolkata (Calcutta). Participants included members of the Congress Party, the Communist Party, and Muslim League. The police shot more than 200 people, of whom 33 died. Then the British decided to put on trial only those INA men who were charged with committing murder or brutality against other POW’s. However, Kolkata simply exploded when, in February 1946, an Abdul Rashid Khan (a Muslim) of the INA was given seven years’ rigorous imprisonment for murder. The protest began peacefully by students of the Muslim League, but later students of the Congress and Communist parties joined them in solidarity. Both the police and the army were called to put down what came to be known as “the almost revolution.” This time nearly 400 people were shot down, and nearly 100 killed. Since racial discrimination was rampant in the Royal Indian Navy, Khan’s trial gave thousands of Indians the excuse to mutiny. The mutiny spread to nearly 80 ships and 20 sites on land. This came closer to overthrowing the British than anything Gandhi ever did. The reasons behind Indian independence are nicely summarized by the esteemed Indian historian Ramesh Chandra Majumdar:</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: orange; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>There is, however, no basis for the claim that the Civil Disobedience Movement directly led to independence. The campaigns of Gandhi … came to an ignoble end about fourteen years before India achieved independence … During the First World War the Indian revolutionaries sought to take advantage of German help in the shape of war materials to free the country by armed revolt. But the attempt did not succeed. During the Second World War Subhas Bose followed the same method and created the INA. In spite of brilliant planning and initial success, the violent campaigns of Subhas Bose failed … The Battles for India’s freedom were also being fought against Britain, though indirectly, by Hitler in Europe and Japan in Asia. None of these scored direct success, but few would deny that it was the cumulative effect of all the three that brought freedom to India. In particular, the revelations made by the INA trial, and the reaction it produced in India, made it quite plain to the British, already exhausted by the war, that they could no longer depend upon the loyalty of the sepoys [low-ranking Indian soldiers under British command] for maintaining their authority in India. This had probably the greatest influence upon their final decision to quit India.”</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: orange; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>It was British prime minister Clement Atlee who, when granting independence to India, said that Gandhi’s non-violence movement had next to zero effect on the British. In corroboration, Chief Justice P.B. Chakrabarty of the Kolkata High Court, who had earlier served as acting governor of West Bengal, disclosed the following in a letter addressed to the publisher of Ramesh Chandra Majumdar’s book A History of Bengal:</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: orange; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>You have fulfilled a noble task by persuading Dr. Majumdar to write this history of Bengal and publishing it … In the preface of the book Dr. Majumdar has written that he could not accept the thesis that Indian independence was brought about solely, or predominantly by the non-violent civil disobedience movement of Gandhi. When I was the acting Governor, Lord Atlee, who had given us independence by withdrawing the British rule from India, spent two days in the Governor’s palace at Calcutta during his tour of India. At that time I had a prolonged discussion with him regarding the real factors that had led the British to quit India. My direct question to him was that since Gandhi’s “Quit India” movement had tapered off quite some time ago and in 1947 no such new compelling situation had arisen that would necessitate a hasty British departure, why did they have to leave? In his reply Atlee cited several reasons, the principal among them being the erosion of loyalty to the British Crown among the Indian army and navy personnel as a result of the military activities of Netaji [Subhash Chandra Bose]. Toward the end of our discussion I asked Atlee what was the extent of Gandhi’s influence upon the British decision to quit India. Hearing this question, Atlee's lips became twisted in a sarcastic smile as he slowly chewed out the word, “m-i-n-i-m-a-l!”</b></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03239339556333372137noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3233320805945685766.post-57562945725258964682012-10-14T19:40:00.003+05:302012-10-14T19:55:22.662+05:30<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Intresting international borders</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Most of the time, a border is an imaginary line that isn’t remarkable in any way, usually not even readily visible. More often than not, the only indication you’ll get when you’re crossing one is a sign. Some borders, however, are more unusual. Here is a list, in no particular order, of nine border areas that are somehow peculiar or noteworthy.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span style="line-height: normal;">The Information Age was supposed to knock down the barriers that divided the global population, but as it turns out, many parts of the globe have no interest in being part of an international community -- at least not one that includes their closest neighbor.</span><br style="line-height: normal; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="line-height: normal; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="line-height: normal;">The tensions along the lengthy U.S.-</span>Mexico<span style="line-height: normal;"> border have been drawn taut lately, due in part to Arizona's recent legislation and newly proposed bills that call into question the central constitutional tenet that any child born in the U.S. is a citizen.</span><br style="line-height: normal; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="line-height: normal; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="line-height: normal;">And international borders promise to remain a pertinent topic in 2011, with the election in Sudan this Sunday that will decide the long-disputed secession question between the country's northern and southern states.</span><br style="line-height: normal; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="line-height: normal; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="line-height: normal;">As border disputes continue to redraw </span>state<span style="line-height: normal;"> lines, we're bringing you the information men should know about international borders.</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">1- International borders can be found in airports, oceans and even a cafe</span></h3>
<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span style="line-height: normal;">The first thing you didn't know about international borders is that they can be found in some strange places.</span><br style="line-height: normal; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="line-height: normal; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="line-height: normal;">We might imagine the strictly drawn lines of a modern map as helping us to understand borders, and while they may help, in reality, </span>today<span style="line-height: normal;">'s international borders aren't what they used to be. Long gone are the days when emperors in China and Rome could build a literal wall (the </span>fallen one in Berlin<span style="line-height: normal;">, notwithstanding). Today, many airports and seaports constitute international borders as real and as tightly controlled as borders that are established along geographical features (lakes, oceans and mountain ranges, for instance). You can even straddle a border that's literally been marked into the ground: A café in the Netherlands marks its border with Belgium with a series of Xs right outside its front door.</span></b></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">2- One river forms the international boundary for 10 countries</span></h3>
<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span style="line-height: normal;">As a natural border, nothing seems to make as much common sense as a river, and few do it with so much beauty as the famed Danube, the longest river in the </span>European<span style="line-height: normal;"> Union. It begins in Germany and runs all the way to the Black Sea.</span><br style="line-height: normal; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="line-height: normal; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="line-height: normal;">In winding its way through some of Europe's most beautiful landscapes, the Danube also contributes to the borders of some 10 countries: Romania, Hungary, Austria, Germany, Slovakia, Serbia, Croatia, Ukraine, Bulgaria, and Moldova.</span></b></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">3- Almost every country has an ongoing international border dispute</span></h3>
<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span style="line-height: normal;">Another thing you didn't know about </span>international<span style="line-height: normal;"> borders is how few of them are beyond dispute.</span><br style="line-height: normal; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="line-height: normal; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="line-height: normal;">No source of information on world borders is more often updated with more accurate information than the </span>online<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span><i style="line-height: normal; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">CIA Factbook</i><span style="line-height: normal;">. Its field listing of international disputes broadly addresses everything from fresh unilateral claims to age-old bilateral disputes, on land and at sea, on paper and in practice.</span><br style="line-height: normal; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="line-height: normal; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="line-height: normal;">The forward-thinking standout is the political entity the European Union. In 1997 the Treaty of Amsterdam largely dissolved the geopolitical borders between its 22 </span>member<span style="line-height: normal;"> states, permitting free movement for its citizens and setting an example for the rest of the world.</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">4- The Korean DMZ has also served as a tourist destination</span></h3>
<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span style="line-height: normal;">Almost without question, the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) between North and South Korea stands as the world's most intense and potentially dangerous international border. U.S. and South Korean troops often exchange fire with troops in </span>North Korea<span style="line-height: normal;">, and tensions are always running high. Curiously, this has also made the DMZ a tourist trap. North Korea, in desperate need of revenue, has on many occasions opened up parts of its side to tourist groups from Japan, and groups in South Korea have done the same, with each using the opportunity to press their politics and amp up the propaganda.</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">5- Almost 400 die along one international border every year</span></h3>
<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span style="line-height: normal;">The last thing you didn't know about international borders is just how deadly some can be, or at least one in particular.</span><br style="line-height: normal; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="line-height: normal; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="line-height: normal;">In the mid-1990s, the United States launched Operation Gatekeeper, a policy of tightened control over the border shared with Mexico. According to the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), this policy has resulted in the border deaths of over 5,600 Mexican </span>immigrants<span style="line-height: normal;"> in the last 15 years, or just under 400 people each year.</span><br style="line-height: normal; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="line-height: normal; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="line-height: normal;">A similar battle of statistics has heated up between the two countries in the wake of the most recent events, as authorities on both sides fired off statistics designed to suggest that the other side was more responsible. Mexican authorities claimed that the number of countrymen killed or wounded by U.S. border patrol agents has risen from 5 in 2008 to 17 in the first half of 2010. In response, Border Patrol counterclaimed that its agents are the subjects of dozens of assaults every year along the border, with the heaviest activity taking place at the El Paso-Juarez crossing.</span><br style="line-height: normal; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="line-height: normal; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></b></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Spain/Morocco Border</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Ceuta is an 18.5 square kilometres (7.1 sq mi) autonomous city in Spain and an exclave located on the north coast of North Africa, surrounded by Morocco. Separated from the Iberian peninsula by the Strait of Gibraltar, Ceuta lies on the border of the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. Morocco claims Ceuta, along with the Spanish autonomous city of Melilla, and a number of Mediterranean islands which border it, which has led Spain to erect a 3 meter high border fence around the city topped with barbed wire.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Baarle-Nassau/Baarle-Hertog</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Baarle-Nassau is a Municipality in the Netherlands. It shares an unusual border with the Belgian municipality of Baarle-Hertog. Baarle-Hertog consists of 26 separate pieces of land surrounded by Baarle-Nassau, but some portions of Baarle-Hertog also contain areas belonging to Baarle-Nassau. The smallest parcel belonging to Belgium is only two-thirds of an acre (one-quarter of a hectare). The border is so complicated that there are even some houses that are bisected by it. In the picture above you can see the Netherlands on the left and Belgium on the right.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Bir Tawil</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Bir Tawil is a plot of land about 795 square miles (2,060 square kilometers) in size. It lies between Egypt and Sudan. It was inadvertently created in 1902, when the United Kingdom drew a different border from the one that was created in 1899. The two different borders created two different areas, Bir Tawil and Halaib.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Halaib has various resources, making it desirable, but Bir Tawil has nothing. Therefore, Egypt claims the 1899 border, which gives Halaib to Egypt and Bir Tawil to Sudan. Sudan, conversely, claims the 1902 border, which gives Halaib to Sudan and Bir Tawil to Egypt. Each country insists that Bir Tawil belongs to the other, making Bir Tawil the only piece of land in the world (outside of Antarctica) that is not claimed by any nation.</b></span></div>
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<b style="color: red; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 24px;">Mount Everest</b><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>What’s Mount Everest doing on this list, you may ask? Everyone knows, of course, that it’s the tallest mountain in the world, but what a lot of people don’t know is that the border of Nepal and China goes right through the middle of the mountain, including the peak itself — making it not just the highest mountain, but also the highest border area.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>District of Columbia</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>The District of Columbia was originally a big diamond carved out of Maryland and Virginia (later, the Virginia portion was returned to Virginia). Due to its size, shape and location, the border has some unusual features. When it was originally delineated, large stones were placed one mile apart around the entire District to define the border — one hundred stones in all, since the original district was ten miles long on each side. A few of the stones are missing today, but most are still present. There’s one in Silver Spring, Maryland, that marks the northernmost point of the District.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>The border is unusual in other ways as well. Eastern Avenue and Western Avenueform the Northeast and Northwest borders, respectively. If you’re walking on the sidewalk on the northern side of the street, you’re in Maryland; the street itself is in the District, and the curb is the state line. Stores on one side of the street showing phone numbers in their windows will have one area code (for Maryland) on the north side of the street, and a different area code (for the District) on the south side.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Derby Line, Vermont</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>The town of Derby Line straddles the US/Canada border. The border passes right through the town, even through some buildings and homes. In some cases, a family at home cooks its meals in one country and eats them in the other. Derby Line is also home to the Haskell Free Library and Opera House, which was purposely built on the border. The opera stage is in Canada, but the entrance to the opera, and most of the stage seats, are in the United States. Because the building straddles the border, it has two mailing addresses, one for the US and one for Canada.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Cooch-Behar District</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>The Cooch-Behar District has borders somewhat similar to the Baarle-Nassau/Baarle-Hertog border. There are a number of parcels under Bangladeshi jurisdiction that lie inside of India, and vice versa. An additional peculiarity is the Indian area Balapara Khagrabari. As an exclave, it is surrounded by Bangladeshi territory. However, it also surrounds another Bangladeshi territory, and that territory itself surrounds yet another Indian territory, Dahala Khagrabari, making it the only place in the world where an exclave contains an exclave that itself contains yet another exclave.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Korean Demilitarized Zone</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><img alt="Donghae-Bukbu Line On Korean Dmz" border="0" height="368" hspace="0" src="http://listverse.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/donghae-bukbu_line_on_korean_dmz.jpg?w=550&h=368" style="border: 0px;" vspace="0" width="550" /></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>The Korean DMZ is a strip of land about 160 miles (258 kilomters) long and 2.5 miles (4 kilometers) wide, dividing North and South Korea. It is the most heavily militarized border in the world. Because it is so heavily guarded and almost nobody ever enters it, it has inadvertently created a nature preserve. A number of highly endangered species have taken up residence there, and there are indications that some of them may even be increasing in population. The DMZ is also notable in that it does not delineate a border per se; rather, it surrounds a “Military Demarcation Line”, or MDL. A border between the two Koreas cannot be formally agreed upon, as the two nations are technically still at war. A cease-fire was agreed on in 1953, but there has never been an actual peace treaty.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>The Tumen is a river in Northeastern Asia. In an area near the coast, on the border between Russia and North Korea, just to the south of Lake Khasan, the Tumen snakes down between Russia and North Korea and is actually in Chinese territory. Thus, in this area, you can start off in North Korea, and just by walking North for less than half a mile, you will pass through China and end up in Russia. Although that might not be a good idea. It’s a common place for North Koreans to attempt to defect and, for that reason, it is heavily patrolled by North Korean soldiers.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>The Diomedes</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>The Diomedes are a pair of islands in the Bering Strait. Little Diomede hosts the American city of Diomede, with a population of 146. Big Diomede belongs to Russia and is uninhabited. The two islands are only about 2.5 miles (four kilometers) apart. The International Date Line passes between the Diomedes and serves also as the border between the United States and Russia. Thus, when residents on Little Diomede look across the strait at Big Diomede, they are not just looking at another country, they are “looking into tomorrow”; for example, when it is 9 AM on Saturday on Little Diomede, it is 6 AM on Sunday on Big Diomede. Little Diomede has set up a webcam looking across the strait. Visitors can control the camera, panning from side to side and zooming in on Big Diomede.</b></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03239339556333372137noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3233320805945685766.post-40259456893580487722012-10-13T20:27:00.002+05:302012-10-13T20:27:40.723+05:30<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;">Yeti: Abominable Snowman of the Himalayas</span></h1>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>The Himalaya Mountains, the highest range on Earth, have been referred to as the "roof of the world." If that is so, there is a mystery called the <i>Yeti</i> in our attic. In Tibetan the word means "magical creature" and truly it is a seemingly supernatural enigma in the shape of a hairy, biped creature that resembles a giant ape.</b></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>The Yeti or Abominable Snowman is an ape-like cryptid said to inhabit the Himalayan region of Nepal, and Tibet. It is believed to be taller than an average human and is similar to Bigfoot. The names <i>Yeti</i> and <i>Meh-Teh</i> are commonly used by the people indigenous to the region,and are part of their history and mythology. Stories of the Yeti first emerged as a facet of Western popular culture in the 19th century.</b></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>The scientific community generally regards the Yeti as a legend, given the lack of conclusive evidence, but it remains one of the most famous creatures of cryptozoology. The Yeti may be considered a sort of parallel myth to the Bigfoot of North America.</b></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>The Himalayas lie on the border between India, Nepal, and Tibet (now part of China). They are remote and forbidding. Large stretches around these rough valleys and peaks are uninhabited. The tallest mountain in the world, Everest, 29,028 feet high, lies half in Nepal, half in China. It is from Nepal, though, that most attempts to climb Everest, and the surrounding mountains, are made.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>In Katmandu, the capitol of Nepal, a visitor finds himself immersed in the Yeti legend. He is a commercial money maker for the tourist industry (there's even a Hotel named the "Yak and the Yeti") as well as legend, religion and fantasy to some of the Neplaese people.</b></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>The first reliable report of the Yeti appeared in 1925 when a Greek photographer, N. A. Tombazi, working as a member of a British geological expedition in the Himalayas, was shown a creature moving in the distance across some lower slopes. The creature was almost a thousand feet away in a narea with an altitude of around 15,000 feet.</b></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>"Unquestionably, the figure in outline was exactly like a human being, walking upright and stopping occasionally to uproot or pull at some dwarf rhododendron bushes," said Tombazi, "It showed up dark against the snow and, as far as I could make out wore no clothes."</b></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>The creature disappeared before Tombazi could take a photograph and was not seen again. The group was descending, though, and the photographer went out of his way to see the ground were he had spotted the creature. Tombazi found footprints in the snow.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>"They were similar in shape to those of a man, but only six to seven inches long by four inches wide at the broadest part of the foot. The marks of five distinct toes and the instep were perfectly clear, but the trace of the heel was indistinct..."</b></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>There were 15 prints to be found. Each was one and one half to two feet apart. Then Tombazi lost the trail in thick brush. When the locals were asked to name the beast he'd seen they told him it was a "Kanchenjunga demon." Tombazi didn't think he'd seen a demon, but he couldn't figure out what the creature was either. Perhaps he'd seen a wandering Buddhist or Hindu ascetic or hermit. As the years went by though and other Yeti stories surfaced, Tombazi began to wonder if he'd seen one too.</b></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Yeti reports usually come in the form of tracks found, pelts offered, shapes seen at a distance, or rarely, actual face-to-face encounters with the creatures. Face to face encounters never come with researchers looking for the Yeti, but with locals who stumble into the creature during their daily lives.</b></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Some of the best tracks ever seen were found and photographed by British mountaineers Eric Shipton and Micheal Ward in 1951. They found them on the southwestern slopes of the Menlung Glacier, which lies between Tibet and Nepal, at an altitude of 20,000 feet. Each print was thirteen inches wide and some eighteen inches long. The tracks seemed fresh and Shipton and Ward followed the trail for a mile before it disappeared in hard ice.</b></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Some scientists that viewed the photographs could not identify the tracks as from any known creature. Others, though, felt it was probably the trail of a languar monkey or red bear. They noted the tracks in snow, melted by the sun, can change shape and grow larger. Even so, the bear/monkey theory seems unlikely as both of these animals normally move on all four feet. The tracks were clearly that of a biped.</b></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Shipton's and Ward's reputations argue against a hoax on their part and the remoteness and height of the trail's location argues against them being hoaxed.</b></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Shipton's footprints were not the first or last discovered by climbers among the Himalayas. Even Sir Edmund Hillary and his Sherpa guide, Tenzing Norgay, on their record ascent to the top of Mount Everest, in 1953, found giant foot prints on the way up.</b></span><br />
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<img align="Left" height="300" src="http://www.unmuseum.org/himmap.gif" width="350" /><span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>One of the more curious reports of a close encounter with a Yeti occurred in 1938. Captain d'Auvergue, the curator of the Victoria Memorial in Calcutta, India, was traveling the Himalayas by himself when he became snowblind. As he neared death from exposure he was rescued by a nine foot tall Yeti that nursed him back to health until d'Auvergue was able to return home by himself.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>In many other stories, though, the Yeti hasn't been so benign. One Sherpa girl, who was tending her yaks, described being surprised by a large ape-like creature with black and brown hair. It started to drag her off, but seemed to be startled by her screams and let her go. It then savagely killed two of her yaks. She escaped with her life and the incident was reported to the police, who found footprints.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Several expeditions have been organized to track down the Yeti, but none have found more than footprints and questionable artifacts like scalps and hides. The London <i>Daily Mail</i> sent an expedition in 1954. American oil men Tom Slick and F. Kirk Johnson financed trips in 1957, 58, and 59. Probably the most well-known expedition went in 1960.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Sir Edmund Hillary, the same man that had first climbed Everest in 1953, lead the 1960 trip in association with Desmond Doig. The expedition was sponsored by the <i>World Book Encyclopedia</i> and was well outfitted with trip-wire cameras, as well as timelapse and infrared photography. Despite a ten-month stay the group failed to find any convincing evidence of the existence of the Yeti. The artifacts they examined, two skins and a scalp, turned out to belong to two blue bears and a serow goat.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>At the time Hillary and Doig wrote off the Yeti as legend. Later, though, Doig decided that the expedition hadbeen too big and clumsy. They didn't see a Yeti, he agreed, but nor did they observe such animals like the snow leopard which was known to exist.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>After spending thirty years in the Himalayas Doig believes that the Yeti is actually three animals. The first is what the Sherpas call the "dzu teh." Large shaggy animals that often attack cattle. Diog thinks this is probably the Tibetan blue bear. A creature so rare it is known only in the west through a few skins, bones and a skull. The second type, called "thelma," is probably a gibbon (a known type of ape) that Diog thinks may live as far north as Nepal, though it's never been spotted past the Brahmaputra River in India. The third Yeti, "mih teh," is the true abominable snowman of legend. A savage ape, covered with black or red hair that lives at altitudes of up to 20,000 feet.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>So far there is no firm evidence to support the existence of the Yeti, but there is no way show that he doesn't exist either. If he indeed lives in the barren, frozen, upper reaches of the Himalayas where few men dare to tread, he may find his refuge safe for a long time to come</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">'They just rushed away, all in fur, walking on two legs': Three yeti 'sightings' in Siberia in a week</span></h1>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Hunted: An artist's impression shows a primitive Yeti emerging from a cave</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Three separate 'sightings' of yetis have been made in Siberia in recent weeks, say fishermen and an official in Russia.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>All were in the remote Kemerovo region, where around 30 'abominable snowmen' live, according to the country's leading researcher on the creatures.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>In one previously undisclosed case last month near Myski village, fishermen in a boat on a river initially mistook distant figures first for bears and then people, said the Siberian Times</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>'We shouted to them - do you need help?,' said fisherman Vitaly Vershinin.</b></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>'They just rushed away, all in fur, walking on two legs, making their way through the bushes and with two other limbs, straight up the hill.'</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>He said: "What did we think? It could not be bears, as the bear walks on all-fours, and they ran on two.... so then they were gone.'</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>On a second sighting on the bank of the Mras-Su River several days later, an unnamed fisherman was quoted saying: 'We saw some tall animals looking like people.'</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>He added: 'Our binoculars were broken and did not let us see them sharply. We waved at the animals but they did not respond, then quickly ran back into the forest, walking on two legs.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>'We realised that they were not in dark clothes but covered by dark fur. They did walk like people.'</b></span></div>
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<li style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Russia sets up university institute to study the yeti after spate of sightings</b></span></li>
<li style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; color: red; cursor: pointer; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><b>Is the Yeti nesting in Siberia? Strange twisted tree arches 'prove legendary creature exists'</b></span></li>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>In a further case this month, an unnamed forestry inspector had encountered a 'yeti' Shorsky National Park, according to local government official Sergei Adlyakov.</b></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>'The creature did not look like a bear and quickly disappeared after breaking some branches of the bushes,' he said.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>This case was in Tashtagolski district, close to the border with Khakassia. No images have appeared from the alleged sightings.</b></span></div>
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<b style="color: purple; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />He said the 'sighting' was 'significant' though he was unaware of the later National Shorsky Park case.</b><span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Russia's leading 'yeti' expert Igor Burtsev, head of the International Centre of Hominology, claimed that Myski will next month host an international conference and expedition in search of the yeti.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>He added: 'We shall explore new areas, to the north from the usual places yetis have been seen previously. The conference will start in Moscow and then we will travel with our guests to Kemerovo region.'</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>At a similar expedition last year, he claimed to have found yeti hair though no DNA findings have been released.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>He claims the creature - also known as Bigfoot and Sasquatch - is the missing link between Neanderthal man and modern human beings.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Burtsev has previously claimed a population of around 30 yetis are living in Kemerovo region.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>'We have good evidence of the yeti living in our region, and we have heard convincing details from experts elsewhere in Russia and in the US and Canada,' he said.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>'The description of the habits of the Abominable Snowmen are similar from all over the world.'</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Last November hunters claimed they had discovered the nest of a legendary Yeti in the same area of Siberia.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Experts stumbled across trees, twisted by force to form an arch, in the area which is famed for sightings of the wildman.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>The hair thought to be from a Yeti was found in the Kemerovo region 2,600 miles east of Moscow</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><img alt="This snow monkey photographed in the Far East bears a striking resemblance to the mythical creature known as the Abominable Snowman or Yeti" class="blkBorder" height="212" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2011/12/27/article-2078875-0F430B1D00000578-657_634x422.jpg" style="border: 1px solid black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="320" /></b></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>This snow monkey photographed in the Far East bears a striking resemblance to the mythical creature known as the Abominable Snowman or Yeti</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Biologist John Bindernagel, 69, said: 'We didn't feel like the trees we saw in Siberia had been done by a man or another mammal.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>'Twisted trees like this have also been observed in North America and they could fit in with the theory that Bigfoot makes nests.'</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Sightings of the Yeti have been reported in France, North America and the Himalayas but Dr Bindernagel said these are mainly ignored by scientists who are put off by 'jokes and taboos.'</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Mr Burtsev has previously strongly denied accusations that yeti 'sightings' are a bizarre ruse to attract tourists to the far-flung region.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Reports say the two-legged creatures are heavy-set, more around 7ft tall and resemble bears</b></span></div>
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